Implementing multi-language Admin UI

2026-05-09 16:58:20 +02:00
parent a7b3e83f02
commit 1e961cdd92
14 changed files with 2989 additions and 487 deletions
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en" class="h-full">
+<html lang="{{LANG_CODE}}" class="h-full">
 <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>RustDesk Admin</title>
+  <title>{{T_APP_TITLE}}</title>
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
  <script src="/admin/assets/tailwindcss.js"></script>
  <script src="/admin/assets/htmx.min.js"></script>
@@ -23,38 +23,51 @@
  <div class="min-h-full flex">
    <aside class="w-56 shrink-0 bg-slate-900 border-r border-slate-800 flex flex-col">
      <div class="px-4 py-5 border-b border-slate-800">
-        <h1 class="text-base font-semibold">RustDesk Admin</h1>
+        <h1 class="text-base font-semibold">{{T_APP_TITLE}}</h1>
        <p id="me-display" class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1" hx-get="/admin/me" hx-trigger="load" hx-swap="innerHTML">…</p>
      </div>
      <nav class="flex-1 px-2 py-3 space-y-1">
        <a class="nav-link block px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-800"
-           hx-get="/admin/pages/users" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#users">Users</a>
+           hx-get="/admin/pages/users" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#users">{{T_NAV_USERS}}</a>
        <a class="nav-link block px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-800"
-           hx-get="/admin/pages/devices" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#devices">Devices</a>
+           hx-get="/admin/pages/devices" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#devices">{{T_NAV_DEVICES}}</a>
        <a class="nav-link block px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-800"
-           hx-get="/admin/pages/groups" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#groups">Device groups</a>
+           hx-get="/admin/pages/groups" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#groups">{{T_NAV_GROUPS}}</a>
        <a class="nav-link block px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-800"
-           hx-get="/admin/pages/strategies" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#strategies">Strategies</a>
+           hx-get="/admin/pages/strategies" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#strategies">{{T_NAV_STRATEGIES}}</a>
        <a class="nav-link block px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-800"
-           hx-get="/admin/pages/address-books" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#address-books">Address books</a>
+           hx-get="/admin/pages/address-books" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#address-books">{{T_NAV_AB}}</a>
        <a class="nav-link block px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-800"
-           hx-get="/admin/pages/audit" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#audit">Audit log</a>
+           hx-get="/admin/pages/audit" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#audit">{{T_NAV_AUDIT}}</a>
        <a class="nav-link block px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-300 hover:bg-slate-800"
-           hx-get="/admin/pages/deploy" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#deploy">Deploy</a>
+           hx-get="/admin/pages/deploy" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#deploy">{{T_NAV_DEPLOY}}</a>
      </nav>
      <div class="px-2 py-3 border-t border-slate-800 space-y-1">
        <a class="nav-link block px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-400 hover:bg-slate-800"
-           hx-get="/admin/pages/profile" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#profile">My profile</a>
+           hx-get="/admin/pages/profile" hx-target="#main" hx-push-url="#profile">{{T_NAV_PROFILE}}</a>
        <button
          class="w-full text-left px-3 py-1.5 text-sm rounded text-slate-400 hover:bg-slate-800"
          hx-post="/admin/logout"
          hx-on::after-request="window.location.href = '/admin/login.html'"
-        >Sign out</button>
+        >{{T_NAV_SIGNOUT}}</button>
+        <div class="pt-2">
+          <label class="block text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-slate-600 px-3 mb-1">{{T_LANGUAGE}}</label>
+          <select
+            class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs text-slate-300"
+            onchange="document.cookie='admin_lang='+this.value+'; path=/; max-age=31536000; samesite=strict'; window.location.reload();"
+          >
+            <option value="en"{{LANG_SEL_EN}}>English</option>
+            <option value="de"{{LANG_SEL_DE}}>Deutsch</option>
+            <option value="es"{{LANG_SEL_ES}}>Español</option>
+            <option value="fr"{{LANG_SEL_FR}}>Français</option>
+            <option value="ro"{{LANG_SEL_RO}}>Română</option>
+          </select>
+        </div>
      </div>
    </aside>

    <main id="main" class="flex-1 p-6 overflow-x-hidden">
-      <div class="text-slate-500 text-sm">Loading…</div>
+      <div class="text-slate-500 text-sm">{{T_LOADING}}</div>
    </main>
  </div>

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <!doctype html>
-<html lang="en" class="h-full">
+<html lang="{{LANG_CODE}}" class="h-full">
 <head>
  <meta charset="utf-8" />
-  <title>Sign in — RustDesk Admin</title>
+  <title>{{T_SIGNIN}} — {{T_TITLE}}</title>
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
  <script src="/admin/assets/tailwindcss.js"></script>
  <script src="/admin/assets/htmx.min.js"></script>
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 <body class="h-full bg-slate-950 text-slate-100 flex items-center justify-center">
  <main class="w-full max-w-sm px-6">
    <div class="text-center mb-8">
-      <h1 class="text-2xl font-semibold">RustDesk Admin</h1>
-      <p class="text-slate-400 text-sm mt-1">Sign in to manage the server.</p>
+      <h1 class="text-2xl font-semibold">{{T_TITLE}}</h1>
+      <p class="text-slate-400 text-sm mt-1">{{T_SUBTITLE}}</p>
    </div>

    <form
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
      "
    >
      <div>
-        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="username">Username</label>
+        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="username">{{T_USERNAME}}</label>
        <input
          id="username" name="username" type="text" required autocomplete="username"
          class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500"
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
      </div>

      <div>
-        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="password">Password</label>
+        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="password">{{T_PASSWORD}}</label>
        <input
          id="password" name="password" type="password" required autocomplete="current-password"
          class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500"
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
      </div>

      <div id="tfa-section" class="hidden">
-        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="tfaCode">6-digit TOTP code</label>
+        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="tfaCode">{{T_TOTP_LABEL}}</label>
        <input
          id="tfaCode" name="tfaCode" type="text" inputmode="numeric" pattern="[0-9]{6}" maxlength="6" autocomplete="one-time-code"
          class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm tracking-widest text-center focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500"
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
        type="submit"
        class="w-full bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 text-white text-sm font-medium rounded px-4 py-2 transition"
      >
-        Sign in
+        {{T_SIGNIN}}
      </button>

      <div id="err" class="text-sm text-rose-400 min-h-[1.25em]"></div>
@@ -80,11 +80,25 @@
    <div id="oidc-block" class="mt-6 hidden">
      <div class="flex items-center gap-3 mb-3">
        <div class="flex-1 h-px bg-slate-800"></div>
-        <span class="text-xs text-slate-500">or</span>
+        <span class="text-xs text-slate-500">{{T_OR}}</span>
        <div class="flex-1 h-px bg-slate-800"></div>
      </div>
      <div id="oidc-buttons" class="space-y-2"></div>
    </div>
+
+    <div class="mt-6 text-center">
+      <label class="text-[10px] uppercase tracking-wide text-slate-600 mr-2">{{T_LANGUAGE}}</label>
+      <select
+        class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs text-slate-300"
+        onchange="document.cookie='admin_lang='+this.value+'; path=/; max-age=31536000; samesite=strict'; window.location.reload();"
+      >
+        <option value="en"{{LANG_SEL_EN}}>English</option>
+        <option value="de"{{LANG_SEL_DE}}>Deutsch</option>
+        <option value="es"{{LANG_SEL_ES}}>Español</option>
+        <option value="fr"{{LANG_SEL_FR}}>Français</option>
+        <option value="ro"{{LANG_SEL_RO}}>Română</option>
+      </select>
+    </div>
  </main>

  <script>
@@ -92,6 +106,7 @@
    // navigates to /admin/login/oidc/<name>, which 302s the browser to the
    // IdP. After the IdP redirects to /oidc/callback, the server sets our
    // session cookie and redirects to /admin/.
+    var SIGNIN_WITH = {{T_SIGNIN_WITH_JSON}};
    fetch('/admin/oidc/providers').then(r => r.json()).then(list => {
      if (!Array.isArray(list) || list.length === 0) return;
      const block = document.getElementById('oidc-block');
@@ -100,7 +115,7 @@
        const a = document.createElement('a');
        a.href = '/admin/login/oidc/' + encodeURIComponent(p.name);
        a.className = 'block w-full text-center bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-700 border border-slate-700 text-sm rounded px-4 py-2 transition';
-        a.textContent = 'Sign in with ' + (p.display_name || p.name);
+        a.textContent = SIGNIN_WITH + ' ' + (p.display_name || p.name);
        root.appendChild(a);
      });
      block.classList.remove('hidden');
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 //! `/admin/*` and `/api/*`. The middleware in `api::middleware` already
 //! accepts both `Authorization: Bearer …` and the cookie.

+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, Lang};
 use crate::api::auth::mint_token;
 use crate::api::middleware::{sha256_token, SESSION_COOKIE};
 use crate::api::state::AppState;
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ pub struct LoginForm {

 pub async fn login(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(form): Form<LoginForm>,
 ) -> Response {
    // First leg: password verify. Same DB call paths as `/api/login` —
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ pub async fn login(
    // diverge from the API's auth contract.
    let user = match state.db.user_find_by_username(&form.username).await {
        Ok(Some(u)) => u,
-        Ok(None) => return error_fragment("Bad credentials"),
+        Ok(None) => return error_fragment(t(lang, "login.bad_credentials")),
        Err(e) => return error_fragment(&format!("internal: {}", e)),
    };
    let pw_ok = match verify_password(user.password_hash.clone(), form.password.clone()).await {
@@ -47,16 +49,16 @@ pub async fn login(
        Err(e) => return error_fragment(&format!("internal: {}", e)),
    };
    if !pw_ok {
-        return error_fragment("Bad credentials");
+        return error_fragment(t(lang, "login.bad_credentials"));
    }
    if user.status == 0 {
-        return error_fragment("Account disabled");
+        return error_fragment(t(lang, "login.account_disabled"));
    }
    if !user.is_admin {
        // Only admins can use the dashboard. Non-admin users still get
        // tokens via `/api/login` for the desktop client; they just don't
        // see the management surface.
-        return error_fragment("Admin access required");
+        return error_fragment(t(lang, "login.admin_required"));
    }
    // Optional second leg: TOTP. If the user has a secret enrolled and the
    // form didn't carry a code, return a fragment that asks for one.
@@ -72,11 +74,12 @@ pub async fn login(
            // leg: it watches for the special marker via HX-Trigger and
            // reveals the #tfa-section.
            let frag = format!(
-                r#"<span data-tfa-required="1" class="text-amber-300">Enter your 6-digit authenticator code.</span>
+                r#"<span data-tfa-required="1" class="text-amber-300">{msg}</span>
 <script>
  document.getElementById('tfa-section').classList.remove('hidden');
  document.getElementById('tfaCode').focus();
-</script>"#
+</script>"#,
+                msg = t(lang, "login.totp_required"),
            );
            // We don't need a session yet — caller will resubmit with the
            // same username/password plus the code. (No nonce involved on
@@ -88,10 +91,10 @@ pub async fn login(
        // Verify the supplied code.
        let ok = match crate::api::auth::verify_totp(&secret_b32, &form.tfa_code) {
            Ok(b) => b,
-            Err(_) => return error_fragment("Internal TOTP error"),
+            Err(_) => return error_fragment(t(lang, "login.internal_totp")),
        };
        if !ok {
-            return error_fragment("Bad TOTP code");
+            return error_fragment(t(lang, "login.bad_totp"));
        }
    }

@@ -3,14 +3,16 @@
 //! the cookie isn't valid, the AuthedUser extractor 401s and the page-level
 //! HTMX response handler bounces back to the login form.

+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use axum::response::Html;

-pub async fn me(user: AuthedUser) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
+pub async fn me(user: AuthedUser, lang: Lang) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    Ok(Html(format!(
-        "Signed in as <span class=\"text-slate-300\">{}</span>",
-        html_escape(&user.name)
+        "{label} <span class=\"text-slate-300\">{name}</span>",
+        label = t(lang, "nav.signed_in_as"),
+        name = html_escape(&user.name),
    )))
 }

@@ -16,16 +16,19 @@
 //!   /admin/pages/*           GET fragments (one per page)

 pub mod auth;
+pub mod i18n;
 pub mod me;
 pub mod oidc_login;
 pub mod pages;

-use axum::http::{header, HeaderValue, StatusCode};
+use axum::http::{header, HeaderMap, HeaderValue, StatusCode};
 use axum::response::{Html, IntoResponse, Response};
 use axum::routing::{get, post};
 use axum::Router;
 use std::sync::Arc;

+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{lang_from_headers, t, Lang};
+
 /// Files embedded into the binary. Paths are relative to this source file
 /// per `include_str!`. Adding a new HTML asset = one new entry here.
 const INDEX_HTML: &str = include_str!("../../../admin_ui/index.html");
@@ -218,16 +221,105 @@ pub fn build(state: Arc<crate::api::state::AppState>) -> Option<Router> {
    Some(r)
 }

-async fn serve_index() -> Response {
-    html_response(INDEX_HTML)
+async fn serve_index(headers: HeaderMap) -> Response {
+    let lang = lang_from_headers(&headers);
+    html_response_owned(render_index(lang))
 }

-async fn serve_login() -> Response {
-    html_response(LOGIN_HTML)
+async fn serve_login(headers: HeaderMap) -> Response {
+    let lang = lang_from_headers(&headers);
+    html_response_owned(render_login(lang))
 }

-fn html_response(body: &'static str) -> Response {
-    // We hand back `Html<&'static str>` so axum sets `text/html` for us.
+/// Apply i18n placeholders to the embedded `index.html` template.
+fn render_index(lang: Lang) -> String {
+    let body = INDEX_HTML
+        .replace("{{LANG_CODE}}", lang.code())
+        .replace("{{T_APP_TITLE}}", t(lang, "shell.app_title"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_USERS}}", t(lang, "nav.users"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_DEVICES}}", t(lang, "nav.devices"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_GROUPS}}", t(lang, "nav.groups"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_STRATEGIES}}", t(lang, "nav.strategies"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_AB}}", t(lang, "nav.address_books"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_AUDIT}}", t(lang, "nav.audit"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_DEPLOY}}", t(lang, "nav.deploy"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_PROFILE}}", t(lang, "nav.profile"))
+        .replace("{{T_NAV_SIGNOUT}}", t(lang, "nav.signout"))
+        .replace("{{T_LANGUAGE}}", t(lang, "common.language"))
+        .replace("{{T_LOADING}}", t(lang, "common.loading"));
+    apply_lang_selected(body, lang)
+}
+
+/// Apply i18n placeholders to the embedded `login.html` template.
+fn render_login(lang: Lang) -> String {
+    let body = LOGIN_HTML
+        .replace("{{LANG_CODE}}", lang.code())
+        .replace("{{T_TITLE}}", t(lang, "login.title"))
+        .replace("{{T_SUBTITLE}}", t(lang, "login.subtitle"))
+        .replace("{{T_USERNAME}}", t(lang, "login.username"))
+        .replace("{{T_PASSWORD}}", t(lang, "login.password"))
+        .replace("{{T_TOTP_LABEL}}", t(lang, "login.totp_label"))
+        .replace("{{T_SIGNIN}}", t(lang, "login.signin"))
+        .replace("{{T_OR}}", t(lang, "login.or"))
+        .replace("{{T_LANGUAGE}}", t(lang, "common.language"))
+        .replace(
+            "{{T_SIGNIN_WITH_JSON}}",
+            &json_string(t(lang, "login.signin_with")),
+        );
+    apply_lang_selected(body, lang)
+}
+
+/// Inject `selected` into the matching `<option>` for the active language and
+/// blank out the others. Both templates use the same `{{LANG_SEL_XX}}` markers.
+fn apply_lang_selected(body: String, lang: Lang) -> String {
+    let mut sel_en = "";
+    let mut sel_de = "";
+    let mut sel_fr = "";
+    let mut sel_ro = "";
+    let mut sel_es = "";
+    match lang {
+        Lang::En => sel_en = " selected",
+        Lang::De => sel_de = " selected",
+        Lang::Fr => sel_fr = " selected",
+        Lang::Ro => sel_ro = " selected",
+        Lang::Es => sel_es = " selected",
+    }
+    body.replace("{{LANG_SEL_EN}}", sel_en)
+        .replace("{{LANG_SEL_DE}}", sel_de)
+        .replace("{{LANG_SEL_FR}}", sel_fr)
+        .replace("{{LANG_SEL_RO}}", sel_ro)
+        .replace("{{LANG_SEL_ES}}", sel_es)
+}
+
+/// JSON-encode a string so it can be embedded inside a `<script>` block as a
+/// JS string literal. We only need to escape `"`, `\`, and the control chars
+/// that show up in our translations — none of them realistically contain
+/// newlines or `</script>`, but escape them defensively anyway.
+fn json_string(s: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(s.len() + 2);
+    out.push('"');
+    for c in s.chars() {
+        match c {
+            '"' => out.push_str("\\\""),
+            '\\' => out.push_str("\\\\"),
+            '\n' => out.push_str("\\n"),
+            '\r' => out.push_str("\\r"),
+            '\t' => out.push_str("\\t"),
+            '<' => out.push_str("\\u003c"),
+            '>' => out.push_str("\\u003e"),
+            '&' => out.push_str("\\u0026"),
+            c if (c as u32) < 0x20 => {
+                use std::fmt::Write as _;
+                let _ = write!(out, "\\u{:04x}", c as u32);
+            }
+            c => out.push(c),
+        }
+    }
+    out.push('"');
+    out
+}
+
+fn html_response_owned(body: String) -> Response {
    // Cache-Control: no-cache so the operator sees fresh HTML after a
    // server upgrade without having to bump asset URLs.
    let mut resp = Html(body).into_response();
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 //! up via `/api/ab/shared/profiles` on the next AB sync (~30 s).

 use super::shared::{fmt_unix, html_escape, notice_html, require_admin};
+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, tf1, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use crate::api::state::AppState;
@@ -18,9 +19,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 pub async fn index(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
-    Ok(Html(render_index(&state, None).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_index(&state, lang, None).await?))
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
@@ -31,35 +33,39 @@ pub struct CreateForm {
 pub async fn create(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(f): Form<CreateForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    let name = f.name.trim();
    if name.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(Html(render_index(&state, Some(("error", "Name is required."))).await?));
+        return Ok(Html(
+            render_index(&state, lang, Some(("error", t(lang, "ab.name_required")))).await?,
+        ));
    }
    let res = state.db.ab_create_shared(admin.user_id, name).await;
    let notice = match res {
-        Ok(_) => Some(("ok", format!("Shared address book '{}' created.", name))),
+        Ok(_) => Some(("ok", tf1(lang, "ab.created", name))),
        Err(e) => {
            // The unique index trips when the same admin creates two books
            // with the same name. Surface that cleanly instead of leaking
            // the raw SQL error.
            let msg = if e.to_string().to_lowercase().contains("unique") {
-                "An address book with that name already exists.".to_string()
+                t(lang, "ab.exists").to_string()
            } else {
-                format!("Create failed: {}", e)
+                tf1(lang, "ab.create_failed", &e.to_string())
            };
            Some(("error", msg))
        }
    };
    let n = notice.as_ref().map(|(k, m)| (*k, m.as_str()));
-    Ok(Html(render_index(&state, n).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_index(&state, lang, n).await?))
 }

 pub async fn delete(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(guid): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -69,20 +75,21 @@ pub async fn delete(
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    let notice = if ok {
-        ("ok", "Deleted.")
+        ("ok", t(lang, "ab.deleted"))
    } else {
-        ("error", "Address book not found.")
+        ("error", t(lang, "ab.not_found"))
    };
-    Ok(Html(render_index(&state, Some(notice)).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_index(&state, lang, Some(notice)).await?))
 }

 pub async fn manage(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(guid): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
-    Ok(Html(render_manage(&state, &guid, None).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_manage(&state, lang, &guid, None).await?))
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
@@ -94,24 +101,30 @@ pub struct ShareForm {
 pub async fn share_add(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(guid): Path<String>,
    Form(f): Form<ShareForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    if !(1..=3).contains(&f.rule) {
-        return Ok(Html(render_manage(&state, &guid, Some(("error", "Invalid rule."))).await?));
+        return Ok(Html(
+            render_manage(&state, lang, &guid, Some(("error", t(lang, "ab.invalid_rule")))).await?,
+        ));
    }
    state
        .db
        .ab_share_set(&guid, f.user_id, f.rule)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(Html(render_manage(&state, &guid, Some(("ok", "Share saved."))).await?))
+    Ok(Html(
+        render_manage(&state, lang, &guid, Some(("ok", t(lang, "ab.share_saved")))).await?,
+    ))
 }

 pub async fn share_remove(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path((guid, user_id)): Path<(String, i64)>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -120,13 +133,16 @@ pub async fn share_remove(
        .ab_share_remove(&guid, user_id)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(Html(render_manage(&state, &guid, Some(("ok", "Share removed."))).await?))
+    Ok(Html(
+        render_manage(&state, lang, &guid, Some(("ok", t(lang, "ab.share_removed")))).await?,
+    ))
 }

 // ---------- rendering ----------

 async fn render_index(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    notice: Option<(&str, &str)>,
 ) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let books = state
@@ -140,8 +156,8 @@ async fn render_index(
        s,
        r##"<div id="ab-region" class="space-y-6">
  <header>
-    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Address books</h2>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Personal books are owned by users and managed from their desktop client. Shared books are server-side: create one here, share it with users / rules, and the client picks it up on its next AB sync.</p>
+    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{tagline}</p>
  </header>

  {notice_html}
@@ -152,41 +168,63 @@ async fn render_index(
    hx-target="#ab-region" hx-swap="outerHTML"
  >
    <div class="flex-1">
-      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="ab-name">New shared book</label>
+      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="ab-name">{new_shared}</label>
      <input id="ab-name" name="name" type="text" required
        placeholder="Engineering laptops"
        class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500" />
    </div>
    <button type="submit"
      class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 text-white text-sm font-medium rounded px-4 py-2 transition">
-      Create
+      {create}
    </button>
  </form>
-"##
+"##,
+        heading = t(lang, "ab.heading"),
+        tagline = t(lang, "ab.tagline"),
+        new_shared = t(lang, "ab.new_shared"),
+        create = t(lang, "common.create"),
    );
    if books.is_empty() {
-        s.push_str(r##"<p class="text-slate-500 text-sm">No address books exist yet.</p></div>"##);
+        let _ = write!(
+            s,
+            r##"<p class="text-slate-500 text-sm">{}</p></div>"##,
+            t(lang, "ab.no_books"),
+        );
        return Ok(s);
    }
-    s.push_str(
+    let _ = write!(
+        s,
        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900">
  <table class="w-full text-sm">
    <thead class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 bg-slate-950"><tr>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Owner</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Kind</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Name</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Peers</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">GUID</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Created</th>
-      <th class="text-right font-medium px-3 py-2 w-1">Actions</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_owner}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_kind}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_name}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_peers}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_guid}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_created}</th>
+      <th class="text-right font-medium px-3 py-2 w-1">{c_actions}</th>
    </tr></thead>
    <tbody class="divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
+        c_owner = t(lang, "ab.col_owner"),
+        c_kind = t(lang, "ab.col_kind"),
+        c_name = t(lang, "ab.col_name"),
+        c_peers = t(lang, "ab.col_peers"),
+        c_guid = t(lang, "ab.col_guid"),
+        c_created = t(lang, "ab.col_created"),
+        c_actions = t(lang, "common.actions"),
    );
    for b in &books {
        let kind_pill = match b.kind {
-            0 => r#"<span class="text-xs px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 text-slate-300">personal</span>"#,
-            1 => r#"<span class="text-xs px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-violet-900/40 border border-violet-700/50 text-violet-300">shared</span>"#,
-            _ => "",
+            0 => format!(
+                r#"<span class="text-xs px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 text-slate-300">{}</span>"#,
+                t(lang, "ab.kind_personal"),
+            ),
+            1 => format!(
+                r#"<span class="text-xs px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-violet-900/40 border border-violet-700/50 text-violet-300">{}</span>"#,
+                t(lang, "ab.kind_shared"),
+            ),
+            _ => String::new(),
        };
        // Both kinds get a delete action. Shared books additionally get
        // "Manage shares". Personal books carry an extra warning in the
@@ -201,19 +239,21 @@ async fn render_index(
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs hover:bg-slate-800 rounded"
          hx-get="/admin/pages/address-books/{guid}/manage"
          hx-target="#ab-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">
-          Manage shares
+          {manage}
        </button>
        <hr class="border-slate-700 my-1" />
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs text-rose-300 hover:bg-rose-900/40 rounded"
          hx-post="/admin/pages/address-books/{guid}/delete"
          hx-target="#ab-region" hx-swap="outerHTML"
-          hx-confirm="Delete shared book '{name}'? Peers, tags, and shares will be removed.">
-          Delete book
+          hx-confirm="{confirm}">
+          {delete}
        </button>
      </div>
    </details>"##,
                guid = html_escape(&b.guid),
-                name = html_escape(&b.name)
+                manage = t(lang, "ab.manage_shares"),
+                confirm = html_escape(&tf1(lang, "ab.confirm_delete_shared", &b.name)),
+                delete = t(lang, "ab.delete_book"),
            )
        } else {
            format!(
@@ -223,13 +263,14 @@ async fn render_index(
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs text-rose-300 hover:bg-rose-900/40 rounded"
          hx-post="/admin/pages/address-books/{guid}/delete"
          hx-target="#ab-region" hx-swap="outerHTML"
-          hx-confirm="Delete {owner}'s personal book? This wipes all peers and tags on the server. If {owner}'s desktop client is still signed in, it will recreate an empty personal book on its next sync (~30 s).">
-          Delete book
+          hx-confirm="{confirm}">
+          {delete}
        </button>
      </div>
    </details>"##,
                guid = html_escape(&b.guid),
-                owner = html_escape(&b.owner_username)
+                confirm = html_escape(&tf1(lang, "ab.confirm_delete_personal", &b.owner_username)),
+                delete = t(lang, "ab.delete_book"),
            )
        };
        let _ = write!(
@@ -258,6 +299,7 @@ async fn render_index(

 async fn render_manage(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    guid: &str,
    notice: Option<(&str, &str)>,
 ) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
@@ -269,13 +311,13 @@ async fn render_manage(
    let Some((_owner_id, kind)) = owner_kind else {
        return Ok(format!(
            r##"<div id="ab-region">{notice}</div>"##,
-            notice = notice_html("error", "Address book not found."),
+            notice = notice_html("error", t(lang, "ab.not_found")),
        ));
    };
    if kind != 1 {
        return Ok(format!(
            r##"<div id="ab-region">{notice}</div>"##,
-            notice = notice_html("error", "Personal address books are managed from the desktop client."),
+            notice = notice_html("error", t(lang, "ab.personal_managed_at_client")),
        ));
    }
    let shares = state
@@ -298,38 +340,47 @@ async fn render_manage(
        r##"<div id="ab-region" class="space-y-6">
  <header class="flex items-center justify-between">
    <div>
-      <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Manage shares</h2>
+      <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2>
      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1 font-mono">{guid}</p>
    </div>
    <button
      class="text-xs text-slate-300 hover:text-slate-100 px-2 py-1 rounded border border-slate-700 hover:border-slate-500"
      hx-get="/admin/pages/address-books"
      hx-target="#ab-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">
-      ← Back
+      {back}
    </button>
  </header>

  {notice_html}

  <section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4 space-y-3">
-    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-200">Add or update a share</h3>
+    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-200">{add_or_update}</h3>
    <form
      class="flex flex-wrap items-end gap-2"
      hx-post="/admin/pages/address-books/{guid}/shares/add"
      hx-target="#ab-region" hx-swap="outerHTML"
    >
      <div class="flex-1 min-w-[200px]">
-        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="share-user">User</label>
+        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="share-user">{user_label}</label>
        <select id="share-user" name="user_id" required
          class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500">"##,
+        heading = t(lang, "ab.manage_heading"),
+        back = t(lang, "ab.back"),
+        add_or_update = t(lang, "ab.add_or_update"),
+        user_label = t(lang, "ab.user_label"),
        guid = html_escape(guid),
        notice_html = notice_html,
    );
    if users.is_empty() {
-        s.push_str(r#"<option disabled>No users defined</option>"#);
+        let _ = write!(
+            s,
+            r#"<option disabled>{}</option>"#,
+            t(lang, "ab.no_users"),
+        );
    }
+    let already_text = t(lang, "ab.existing_will_update");
    for u in &users {
-        let already = if already_shared.contains(&u.id) { " (existing — will update rule)" } else { "" };
+        let already = if already_shared.contains(&u.id) { already_text } else { "" };
        let _ = write!(
            s,
            r#"<option value="{id}">{name}{already}</option>"#,
@@ -343,46 +394,58 @@ async fn render_manage(
        r##"</select>
      </div>
      <div>
-        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="share-rule">Rule</label>
+        <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="share-rule">{rule}</label>
        <select id="share-rule" name="rule"
          class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500">
-          <option value="1">Read</option>
-          <option value="2" selected>Read + write</option>
-          <option value="3">Full</option>
+          <option value="1">{r_read}</option>
+          <option value="2" selected>{r_rw}</option>
+          <option value="3">{r_full}</option>
        </select>
      </div>
      <button type="submit"
        class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 text-white text-sm font-medium rounded px-4 py-2 transition">
-        Save
+        {save}
      </button>
    </form>
  </section>

  <section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900">
    <header class="px-4 py-2 text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 border-b border-slate-800">
-      Current shares ({n})
+      {current_shares}
    </header>
 "##,
-        n = shares.len()
+        rule = t(lang, "ab.rule"),
+        r_read = t(lang, "ab.rule_read"),
+        r_rw = t(lang, "ab.rule_read_write"),
+        r_full = t(lang, "ab.rule_full"),
+        save = t(lang, "common.save"),
+        current_shares = tf1(lang, "ab.current_shares", &shares.len().to_string()),
    );
    if shares.is_empty() {
-        s.push_str(r##"<p class="px-4 py-3 text-slate-500 text-sm">No shares yet. The book is invisible to non-owners until you add at least one user share.</p></section></div>"##);
+        let _ = write!(
+            s,
+            r##"<p class="px-4 py-3 text-slate-500 text-sm">{}</p></section></div>"##,
+            t(lang, "ab.no_shares"),
+        );
        return Ok(s);
    }
-    s.push_str(
+    let _ = write!(
+        s,
        r##"<table class="w-full text-sm">
      <thead class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 bg-slate-950"><tr>
-        <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">User</th>
-        <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Rule</th>
+        <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{user_l}</th>
+        <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{rule_l}</th>
        <th class="text-right font-medium px-3 py-2 w-1"></th>
      </tr></thead>
      <tbody class="divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
+        user_l = t(lang, "ab.user_label"),
+        rule_l = t(lang, "ab.rule"),
    );
    for sh in &shares {
        let rule = match sh.rule {
-            1 => "Read",
-            2 => "Read + write",
-            3 => "Full",
+            1 => t(lang, "ab.rule_read"),
+            2 => t(lang, "ab.rule_read_write"),
+            3 => t(lang, "ab.rule_full"),
            _ => "?",
        };
        let _ = write!(
@@ -394,8 +457,8 @@ async fn render_manage(
    <button class="text-xs text-rose-300 hover:text-rose-200 px-2 py-1 rounded hover:bg-rose-900/40"
      hx-post="/admin/pages/address-books/{guid}/shares/{uid}/remove"
      hx-target="#ab-region" hx-swap="outerHTML"
-      hx-confirm="Remove {user}'s access?">
-      Remove
+      hx-confirm="{confirm}">
+      {remove}
    </button>
  </td>
 </tr>"##,
@@ -403,6 +466,8 @@ async fn render_manage(
            rule = rule,
            guid = html_escape(guid),
            uid = sh.user_id,
+            confirm = html_escape(&tf1(lang, "ab.confirm_remove", &sh.username)),
+            remove = t(lang, "common.remove"),
        );
    }
    s.push_str("</tbody></table></section></div>");
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //! a follow-up if the operator outgrows this view.

 use super::shared::{fmt_unix, html_escape, require_admin};
+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, tf1, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use crate::api::state::AppState;
@@ -23,14 +24,15 @@ pub struct TabQuery {
 pub async fn index(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Query(q): Query<TabQuery>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    let tab = q.tab.as_deref().unwrap_or("conn");
    let body = match tab {
-        "file" => render_file(&state).await?,
-        "alarm" => render_alarm(&state).await?,
-        _ => render_conn(&state).await?,
+        "file" => render_file(&state, lang).await?,
+        "alarm" => render_alarm(&state, lang).await?,
+        _ => render_conn(&state, lang).await?,
    };
    let pill = |id: &str, label: &str| {
        let active = id == tab;
@@ -49,42 +51,50 @@ pub async fn index(
    Ok(Html(format!(
        r##"<div class="space-y-4">
  <header class="flex items-center justify-between">
-    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Audit log</h2>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500">Latest {n} rows.</p>
+    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500">{latest}</p>
  </header>
  <div class="flex gap-2 text-xs">{pill_conn}{pill_file}{pill_alarm}</div>
  {body}
 </div>"##,
-        n = PAGE_SIZE,
-        pill_conn = pill("conn", "Connections"),
-        pill_file = pill("file", "File transfers"),
-        pill_alarm = pill("alarm", "Alarms"),
+        heading = t(lang, "audit.heading"),
+        latest = tf1(lang, "audit.latest", &PAGE_SIZE.to_string()),
+        pill_conn = pill("conn", t(lang, "audit.tab_conn")),
+        pill_file = pill("file", t(lang, "audit.tab_file")),
+        pill_alarm = pill("alarm", t(lang, "audit.tab_alarm")),
        body = body,
    )))
 }

-async fn render_conn(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+async fn render_conn(state: &Arc<AppState>, lang: Lang) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let rows = state
        .db
        .audit_conn_list(PAGE_SIZE)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    if rows.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(empty_table("No connection audit rows yet."));
+        return Ok(empty_table(t(lang, "audit.no_conn")));
    }
    let mut s = String::new();
-    s.push_str(
+    let _ = write!(
+        s,
        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 overflow-hidden">
  <table class="w-full text-sm">
    <thead class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 bg-slate-950"><tr>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">When</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Peer</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Conn / Session</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">IP</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Action</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Note</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_when}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_peer}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_conn}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_ip}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_action}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_note}</th>
    </tr></thead>
    <tbody class="divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
+        c_when = t(lang, "audit.col_when"),
+        c_peer = t(lang, "audit.col_peer"),
+        c_conn = t(lang, "audit.col_conn_session"),
+        c_ip = t(lang, "audit.col_ip"),
+        c_action = t(lang, "audit.col_action"),
+        c_note = t(lang, "audit.col_note"),
    );
    for r in &rows {
        let _ = write!(
@@ -110,32 +120,38 @@ async fn render_conn(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    Ok(s)
 }

-async fn render_file(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+async fn render_file(state: &Arc<AppState>, lang: Lang) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let rows = state
        .db
        .audit_file_list(PAGE_SIZE)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    if rows.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(empty_table("No file-transfer audit rows yet."));
+        return Ok(empty_table(t(lang, "audit.no_file")));
    }
    let mut s = String::new();
-    s.push_str(
+    let _ = write!(
+        s,
        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 overflow-hidden">
  <table class="w-full text-sm">
    <thead class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 bg-slate-950"><tr>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">When</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Peer</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Direction</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Path</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Remote</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_when}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_peer}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_dir}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_path}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_remote}</th>
    </tr></thead>
    <tbody class="divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
+        c_when = t(lang, "audit.col_when"),
+        c_peer = t(lang, "audit.col_peer"),
+        c_dir = t(lang, "audit.col_direction"),
+        c_path = t(lang, "audit.col_path"),
+        c_remote = t(lang, "audit.col_remote"),
    );
    for r in &rows {
        let dir = match r.direction {
-            0 => "→ remote",
-            1 => "← remote",
+            0 => t(lang, "audit.dir_to_remote"),
+            1 => t(lang, "audit.dir_from_remote"),
            _ => "?",
        };
        let _ = write!(
@@ -158,26 +174,31 @@ async fn render_file(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    Ok(s)
 }

-async fn render_alarm(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+async fn render_alarm(state: &Arc<AppState>, lang: Lang) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let rows = state
        .db
        .audit_alarm_list(PAGE_SIZE)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    if rows.is_empty() {
-        return Ok(empty_table("No alarm audit rows yet."));
+        return Ok(empty_table(t(lang, "audit.no_alarm")));
    }
    let mut s = String::new();
-    s.push_str(
+    let _ = write!(
+        s,
        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 overflow-hidden">
  <table class="w-full text-sm">
    <thead class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 bg-slate-950"><tr>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">When</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Peer</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Type</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Info</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_when}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_peer}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_type}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_info}</th>
    </tr></thead>
    <tbody class="divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
+        c_when = t(lang, "audit.col_when"),
+        c_peer = t(lang, "audit.col_peer"),
+        c_type = t(lang, "audit.col_type"),
+        c_info = t(lang, "audit.col_info"),
    );
    for r in &rows {
        let typ = match r.typ {
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 //! signature verification, so we don't need the Pro private key.

 use super::shared::{html_escape, require_admin};
+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, tf1, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use axum::extract::Form;
@@ -14,7 +15,11 @@ use axum::response::Html;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde_json::json;

-pub async fn index(admin: AuthedUser, headers: HeaderMap) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
+pub async fn index(
+    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
+    headers: HeaderMap,
+) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    let pubkey = read_pubkey();
    // Best-effort prefill: the Host the admin's browser is currently
@@ -35,6 +40,7 @@ pub async fn index(admin: AuthedUser, headers: HeaderMap) -> Result<Html<String>
        (format!("https://{}", host_default), host_default.clone())
    };
    Ok(Html(render_form(
+        lang,
        &pubkey,
        &host_default,
        &api_default,
@@ -71,22 +77,25 @@ pub struct DeployForm {

 pub async fn generate(
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(f): Form<DeployForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    if f.host.trim().is_empty() {
        return Ok(Html(render_form(
+            lang,
            &f.key,
            &f.host,
            &f.api,
            &f.relay,
            "",
-            Some(("error", "Host is required.")),
+            Some(("error", t(lang, "deploy.host_required"))),
        )));
    }
    let blob = encode_blob(&f.host, &f.key, &f.api, &f.relay);
-    let result = render_result(&f.host, &f.key, &f.api, &f.relay, &blob);
+    let result = render_result(lang, &f.host, &f.key, &f.api, &f.relay, &blob);
    Ok(Html(render_form(
+        lang,
        &f.key,
        &f.host,
        &f.api,
@@ -125,6 +134,7 @@ fn encode_blob(host: &str, key: &str, api: &str, relay: &str) -> String {
 }

 fn render_form(
+    lang: Lang,
    key: &str,
    host: &str,
    api: &str,
@@ -139,8 +149,8 @@ fn render_form(
    format!(
        r##"<div class="space-y-6">
  <header>
-    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Deploy</h2>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Generate a config blob the stock client accepts via <code>rustdesk --config &lt;blob&gt;</code>, or the equivalent renamed-installer filename. The public key below is read from <code>id_ed25519.pub</code> on the server; override if you bootstrapped a custom keypair.</p>
+    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{intro}</p>
  </header>

  {notice_html}
@@ -152,7 +162,7 @@ fn render_form(
    hx-swap="innerHTML"
  >
    <div>
-      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="host">Rendezvous host (required)</label>
+      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="host">{host_label}</label>
      <input id="host" name="host" type="text" required value="{host}"
        placeholder="rustdesk.example.com or 203.0.113.10"
        oninput="
@@ -164,42 +174,53 @@ fn render_form(
          api.placeholder = h ? 'https://' + h : 'https://rustdesk.example.com';
        "
        class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500" />
-      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">The hostname or IP clients reach hbbs at (TCP/UDP 21116).</p>
+      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{host_hint}</p>
    </div>

    <div>
-      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="api">API URL (optional)</label>
+      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="api">{api_label}</label>
      <input id="api" name="api" type="text" value="{api}"
        placeholder="https://rustdesk.example.com"
        oninput="this.dataset.derived = '0';"
        class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500" />
-      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Full URL of this admin/login API. Defaults to <code>https://&lt;host&gt;</code>; edit if your API runs on a different scheme/port. Leave blank to disable login on the client.</p>
+      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{api_hint}</p>
    </div>

    <div>
-      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="relay">Relay host (optional)</label>
+      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="relay">{relay_label}</label>
      <input id="relay" name="relay" type="text" value="{relay}"
        placeholder="rustdesk.example.com"
        oninput="this.dataset.derived = '0';"
        class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-sm focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500" />
-      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Only set if hbbr runs on a separate host; otherwise leave blank.</p>
+      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{relay_hint}</p>
    </div>

    <div>
-      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="key">Public key</label>
+      <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1" for="key">{key_label}</label>
      <textarea id="key" name="key" rows="2"
        class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-3 py-2 text-xs font-mono focus:outline-none focus:border-sky-500">{key}</textarea>
-      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Base64 contents of <code>id_ed25519.pub</code>.</p>
+      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{key_hint}</p>
    </div>

    <button type="submit"
      class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 text-white text-sm font-medium rounded px-4 py-2 transition">
-      Generate
+      {generate}
    </button>
  </form>

  {result_html}
 </div>"##,
+        heading = t(lang, "deploy.heading"),
+        intro = t(lang, "deploy.intro"),
+        host_label = t(lang, "deploy.host_label"),
+        host_hint = t(lang, "deploy.host_hint"),
+        api_label = t(lang, "deploy.api_label"),
+        api_hint = t(lang, "deploy.api_hint"),
+        relay_label = t(lang, "deploy.relay_label"),
+        relay_hint = t(lang, "deploy.relay_hint"),
+        key_label = t(lang, "deploy.key_label"),
+        key_hint = t(lang, "deploy.key_hint"),
+        generate = t(lang, "deploy.generate"),
        host = html_escape(host),
        api = html_escape(api),
        relay = html_escape(relay),
@@ -209,7 +230,7 @@ fn render_form(
    )
 }

-fn render_result(host: &str, key: &str, api: &str, relay: &str, blob: &str) -> String {
+fn render_result(lang: Lang, host: &str, key: &str, api: &str, relay: &str, blob: &str) -> String {
    // Build the rename-the-installer alternative. Windows filenames disallow
    // `:` and `/`, which the API URL is full of (`http://host:21114`). The
    // client falls back to `http://<host>:21114` when `api` is empty
@@ -258,36 +279,44 @@ fn render_result(host: &str, key: &str, api: &str, relay: &str, blob: &str) -> S
    format!(
        r##"<section class="space-y-4 bg-slate-900 border border-slate-800 rounded-lg p-4">
  <header>
-    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-200">Deployment artifact</h3>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Pick whichever path fits your rollout. All three produce the same client config.</p>
+    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-200">{artifact_heading}</h3>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{artifact_intro}</p>
  </header>

  <div>
-    <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1">A. Post-install command (Windows, Administrator)</label>
+    <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1">{a_label}</label>
    <pre class="text-xs bg-slate-950 border border-slate-800 rounded p-2 overflow-x-auto select-all whitespace-pre-wrap break-all">{cmd_win}</pre>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Requires the client to be installed and running as admin. Equivalent on macOS/Linux: <code class="text-slate-300">{cmd_unix}</code>.</p>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{a_hint}</p>
  </div>

  <div>
-    <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1">B. Renamed installer (drop-in)</label>
+    <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1">{b_label}</label>
    <pre class="text-xs bg-slate-950 border border-slate-800 rounded p-2 overflow-x-auto select-all whitespace-pre-wrap break-all">{renamed}</pre>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Rename the official RustDesk installer to this exact name and run it; the client reads its own filename on first launch and writes the config into the registry.</p>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{b_hint}</p>
    {renamed_note}
  </div>

  <div>
-    <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1">C. HelloAgent (Windows, MDM one-liner)</label>
+    <label class="block text-xs font-medium text-slate-400 mb-1">{c_label}</label>
    <pre class="text-xs bg-slate-950 border border-slate-800 rounded p-2 overflow-x-auto select-all whitespace-pre-wrap break-all">{cmd_hello}</pre>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Headless agent — registers the Windows service and imports this config in a single command. Run elevated.</p>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{c_hint}</p>
  </div>

  <details class="text-xs text-slate-400">
-    <summary class="cursor-pointer text-slate-300 select-none">Raw blob</summary>
+    <summary class="cursor-pointer text-slate-300 select-none">{raw_blob}</summary>
    <pre class="mt-2 bg-slate-950 border border-slate-800 rounded p-2 overflow-x-auto select-all whitespace-pre-wrap break-all">{blob}</pre>
  </details>
 </section>"##,
+        artifact_heading = t(lang, "deploy.artifact_heading"),
+        artifact_intro = t(lang, "deploy.artifact_intro"),
+        a_label = t(lang, "deploy.cmd_a_label"),
+        a_hint = tf1(lang, "deploy.cmd_a_hint", &html_escape(&cmd_unix)),
+        b_label = t(lang, "deploy.cmd_b_label"),
+        b_hint = t(lang, "deploy.cmd_b_hint"),
+        c_label = t(lang, "deploy.cmd_c_label"),
+        c_hint = t(lang, "deploy.cmd_c_hint"),
+        raw_blob = t(lang, "deploy.raw_blob"),
        cmd_win = html_escape(&cmd_win),
-        cmd_unix = html_escape(&cmd_unix),
        cmd_hello = html_escape(&cmd_hello),
        renamed = html_escape(&renamed),
        renamed_note = renamed_note,
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //! force-disconnect (queues a `heartbeat_commands` row consumed on the
 //! peer's next /api/heartbeat tick) and force-sysinfo refresh.

+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, tf1, tf2, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use crate::api::state::AppState;
@@ -21,25 +22,30 @@ const ONLINE_THRESHOLD_SECS: i64 = 45;
 pub async fn index(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
-    let table = render_table(&state).await?;
+    let table = render_table(&state, lang).await?;
    Ok(Html(format!(
        r##"<div class="space-y-6">
  <header class="flex items-center justify-between">
-    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Devices</h2>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500">Force-disconnect / force-sysinfo are delivered on the peer's next heartbeat tick (~15 s).</p>
+    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500">{tagline}</p>
  </header>
  <section id="devices-region">
    {table}
  </section>
-</div>"##
+</div>"##,
+        heading = t(lang, "devices.heading"),
+        tagline = t(lang, "devices.tagline"),
+        table = table,
    )))
 }

 pub async fn force_disconnect(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(peer_id): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -55,8 +61,9 @@ pub async fn force_disconnect(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    notice_then_table(
        &state,
+        lang,
        "ok",
-        &format!("Queued disconnect for {} (conns={})", peer_id, conns),
+        &tf2(lang, "devices.queued_disconnect", &peer_id, &conns),
    )
    .await
 }
@@ -64,6 +71,7 @@ pub async fn force_disconnect(
 pub async fn force_sysinfo(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(peer_id): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -74,8 +82,9 @@ pub async fn force_sysinfo(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    notice_then_table(
        &state,
+        lang,
        "ok",
-        &format!("Queued sysinfo refresh for {}", peer_id),
+        &tf1(lang, "devices.queued_sysinfo", &peer_id),
    )
    .await
 }
@@ -83,6 +92,7 @@ pub async fn force_sysinfo(
 pub async fn delete(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(peer_id): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -92,11 +102,11 @@ pub async fn delete(
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    let msg = if ok {
-        format!("Deleted device {}.", peer_id)
+        tf1(lang, "devices.deleted", &peer_id)
    } else {
-        "Device already gone.".to_string()
+        t(lang, "devices.already_gone").to_string()
    };
-    notice_then_table(&state, if ok { "ok" } else { "error" }, &msg).await
+    notice_then_table(&state, lang, if ok { "ok" } else { "error" }, &msg).await
 }

 /// Per-device detail page: hardware / OS inventory reported by hello-agent
@@ -107,6 +117,7 @@ pub async fn delete(
 pub async fn detail(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(peer_id): Path<String>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -116,15 +127,17 @@ pub async fn detail(
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    let html = match row {
-        Some(d) => render_detail(&d),
+        Some(d) => render_detail(lang, &d),
        None => format!(
            r##"<div class="space-y-4">
  {back}
  <div class="rounded border border-rose-700/50 bg-rose-900/30 p-3 text-sm text-rose-300">
-    No device with peer ID <code class="font-mono">{id}</code> in the dashboard.
+    {no_device} <code class="font-mono">{id}</code> {in_dashboard}
  </div>
 </div>"##,
-            back = back_button(),
+            back = back_button(lang),
+            no_device = t(lang, "devices.no_device_with_id"),
+            in_dashboard = t(lang, "devices.in_dashboard"),
            id = html_escape(&peer_id),
        ),
    };
@@ -150,7 +163,7 @@ fn online_state(last_heartbeat_at: &str, now: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>) ->
    }
 }

-async fn render_table(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+async fn render_table(state: &Arc<AppState>, lang: Lang) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let (total, devices) = state
        .db
        .devices_list_all(0, PAGE_SIZE)
@@ -167,39 +180,57 @@ async fn render_table(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
 <table class="w-full text-sm">
  <thead class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 bg-slate-950">
    <tr>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Peer ID</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Owner</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Hostname</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">User</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Unattended pwd</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">OS</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Version</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Last heartbeat</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Conns</th>
-      <th class="text-right font-medium px-3 py-2 w-1">Actions</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_peer}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_owner}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_host}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_user}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_pwd}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_os}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_ver}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_last}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_conns}</th>
+      <th class="text-right font-medium px-3 py-2 w-1">{c_actions}</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
-  <tbody class="divide-y divide-slate-800">"##
+  <tbody class="divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
+        c_peer = t(lang, "devices.col_peer_id"),
+        c_owner = t(lang, "devices.col_owner"),
+        c_host = t(lang, "devices.col_hostname"),
+        c_user = t(lang, "devices.col_user"),
+        c_pwd = t(lang, "devices.col_unattended_pwd"),
+        c_os = t(lang, "devices.col_os"),
+        c_ver = t(lang, "devices.col_version"),
+        c_last = t(lang, "devices.col_last_heartbeat"),
+        c_conns = t(lang, "devices.col_conns"),
+        c_actions = t(lang, "common.actions"),
    );
    if devices.is_empty() {
-        s.push_str(
-            r##"<tr><td colspan="10" class="px-3 py-4 text-slate-500 text-center text-xs">No devices have heartbeated yet.</td></tr>"##,
+        let _ = write!(
+            s,
+            r##"<tr><td colspan="10" class="px-3 py-4 text-slate-500 text-center text-xs">{}</td></tr>"##,
+            t(lang, "devices.no_devices"),
        );
    }
    for d in &devices {
-        render_device_row(&mut s, d, now);
+        render_device_row(&mut s, lang, d, now);
    }
    let _ = write!(
        s,
        r##"</tbody>
 </table>
-<div class="px-3 py-2 text-xs text-slate-500 border-t border-slate-800">{total} device(s).</div>
-</div>"##
+<div class="px-3 py-2 text-xs text-slate-500 border-t border-slate-800">{count}</div>
+</div>"##,
+        count = tf1(lang, "devices.devices_count", &total.to_string()),
    );
    Ok(s)
 }

-fn render_device_row(s: &mut String, d: &DashboardDeviceRow, now: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>) {
+fn render_device_row(
+    s: &mut String,
+    lang: Lang,
+    d: &DashboardDeviceRow,
+    now: chrono::DateTime<chrono::Utc>,
+) {
    let parsed: serde_json::Value =
        serde_json::from_str(&d.sysinfo_payload).unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::Null);
    let pick = |k: &str| -> String {
@@ -246,14 +277,14 @@ fn render_device_row(s: &mut String, d: &DashboardDeviceRow, now: chrono::DateTi
    let (dot_class, tooltip) = if is_online {
        (
            "bg-emerald-400",
-            format!("Online — last heartbeat {}s ago", age_secs),
+            tf1(lang, "devices.online", &age_secs.to_string()),
        )
    } else if age_secs == i64::MAX {
-        ("bg-slate-500", "No heartbeat recorded".to_string())
+        ("bg-slate-500", t(lang, "devices.no_heartbeat").to_string())
    } else {
        (
            "bg-rose-500",
-            format!("Offline — last heartbeat {} ago", fmt_age(age_secs)),
+            tf1(lang, "devices.offline", &fmt_age(age_secs)),
        )
    };
    // Per-boot unattended-access password reported by hello-agent. Visible
@@ -304,31 +335,31 @@ fn render_device_row(s: &mut String, d: &DashboardDeviceRow, now: chrono::DateTi
      <div class="absolute right-2 mt-1 z-10 w-56 bg-slate-900 border border-slate-700 rounded shadow-lg p-2 space-y-1 text-left">
        <a class="block w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs text-sky-300 hover:bg-sky-900/40 rounded"
          href="/admin/connect/{id}" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
-          Connect (web client)
+          {connect_web}
        </a>
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs hover:bg-slate-800 rounded"
          hx-get="/admin/pages/devices/{id}/detail"
          hx-target="#devices-region" hx-swap="innerHTML">
-          Details &amp; inventory
+          {details}
        </button>
        <hr class="border-slate-700 my-1" />
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs hover:bg-slate-800 rounded"
          hx-post="/admin/pages/devices/{id}/disconnect"
          hx-target="#devices-region" hx-swap="innerHTML"
-          hx-confirm="Disconnect all active sessions on {id}?">
-          Force disconnect
+          hx-confirm="{confirm_disc}">
+          {force_disc}
        </button>
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs hover:bg-slate-800 rounded"
          hx-post="/admin/pages/devices/{id}/sysinfo-refresh"
          hx-target="#devices-region" hx-swap="innerHTML">
-          Force sysinfo refresh
+          {force_sysinfo}
        </button>
        <hr class="border-slate-700 my-1" />
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs text-rose-300 hover:bg-rose-900/40 rounded"
          hx-post="/admin/pages/devices/{id}/delete"
          hx-target="#devices-region" hx-swap="innerHTML"
-          hx-confirm="Delete {id}? This removes the dashboard row and the rendezvous identity. Audit logs and recordings are kept.">
-          Delete device
+          hx-confirm="{confirm_delete}">
+          {delete_device}
        </button>
      </div>
    </details>
@@ -347,7 +378,14 @@ fn render_device_row(s: &mut String, d: &DashboardDeviceRow, now: chrono::DateTi
        os = html_escape(&os),
        ver = html_escape(&version_label),
        last = html_escape(&d.last_heartbeat_at),
-        n = conn_count
+        n = conn_count,
+        connect_web = t(lang, "devices.connect_web"),
+        details = t(lang, "devices.details"),
+        confirm_disc = html_escape(&tf1(lang, "devices.confirm_disconnect", &d.id)),
+        force_disc = t(lang, "devices.force_disconnect"),
+        force_sysinfo = t(lang, "devices.force_sysinfo"),
+        confirm_delete = html_escape(&tf1(lang, "devices.confirm_delete", &d.id)),
+        delete_device = t(lang, "devices.delete_device"),
    );
 }

@@ -361,19 +399,22 @@ fn render_device_row(s: &mut String, d: &DashboardDeviceRow, now: chrono::DateTi
 pub async fn list_fragment(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
-    Ok(Html(render_table(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_table(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 /// "Back to devices" — refetches the devices table fragment via HTMX
 /// and swaps it back into `#devices-region`. Used by the detail page.
-fn back_button() -> String {
-    r##"<button class="text-xs text-sky-300 hover:text-sky-200"
+fn back_button(lang: Lang) -> String {
+    format!(
+        r##"<button class="text-xs text-sky-300 hover:text-sky-200"
  hx-get="/admin/pages/devices/list-fragment"
  hx-target="#devices-region"
-  hx-swap="innerHTML">&larr; Back to devices</button>"##
-        .to_string()
+  hx-swap="innerHTML">{label}</button>"##,
+        label = t(lang, "devices.back"),
+    )
 }

 /// Pretty-print a JSON value for the inventory table cells. Strings are
@@ -391,7 +432,7 @@ fn fmt_inv_value(v: Option<&serde_json::Value>) -> String {
    }
 }

-fn render_detail(d: &DashboardDeviceRow) -> String {
+fn render_detail(lang: Lang, d: &DashboardDeviceRow) -> String {
    let parsed: serde_json::Value =
        serde_json::from_str(&d.sysinfo_payload).unwrap_or(serde_json::Value::Null);
    let pick = |k: &str| -> String {
@@ -426,20 +467,29 @@ fn render_detail(d: &DashboardDeviceRow) -> String {
    let header = format!(
        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
  <div class="flex items-baseline justify-between">
-    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Device <code class="font-mono text-sky-300">{id}</code></h2>
+    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{device_label} <code class="font-mono text-sky-300">{id}</code></h2>
    <span class="text-xs text-slate-500">UUID <code class="font-mono">{uuid}</code></span>
  </div>
  <dl class="mt-3 grid grid-cols-2 gap-x-6 gap-y-1 text-sm md:grid-cols-3">
-    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">Hostname</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{host}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">Owner</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{owner}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">Active user</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{user}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">Agent</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{ident}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">OS (runtime)</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{os_rt}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">Last heartbeat</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{last}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">CPU (runtime)</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{cpu_rt}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">Memory (runtime)</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{mem_rt}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">{l_host}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{host}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">{l_owner}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{owner}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">{l_user}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{user}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">{l_agent}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{ident}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">{l_os_rt}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{os_rt}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">{l_last}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{last}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">{l_cpu_rt}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{cpu_rt}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-xs text-slate-500">{l_mem_rt}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{mem_rt}</dd></div>
  </dl>
 </div>"##,
+        device_label = t(lang, "devices.device_label"),
+        l_host = t(lang, "devices.col_hostname"),
+        l_owner = t(lang, "devices.col_owner"),
+        l_user = t(lang, "devices.detail_active_user"),
+        l_agent = t(lang, "devices.detail_agent"),
+        l_os_rt = t(lang, "devices.detail_os_runtime"),
+        l_last = t(lang, "devices.col_last_heartbeat"),
+        l_cpu_rt = t(lang, "devices.detail_cpu_runtime"),
+        l_mem_rt = t(lang, "devices.detail_memory_runtime"),
        id = html_escape(&d.id),
        uuid = html_escape(&d.uuid),
        host = html_escape(if hostname.is_empty() { "—" } else { &hostname }),
@@ -463,22 +513,24 @@ fn render_detail(d: &DashboardDeviceRow) -> String {
    // hello-agent's main.rs; absence means vanilla rustdesk.
    let inventory_section = if agent_name == "HelloAgent" {
        match parsed.get("inventory") {
-            Some(inv) if inv.is_object() => render_inventory_table(inv),
+            Some(inv) if inv.is_object() => render_inventory_table(lang, inv),
            _ => format!(
                r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-amber-700/50 bg-amber-900/20 p-3 text-sm text-amber-300">
-  Inventory data not yet reported. The agent collects it on startup and
-  uploads on the next sysinfo cycle (≤120 s).
-</div>"##
+  {msg}
+</div>"##,
+                msg = t(lang, "devices.inventory_pending"),
            ),
        }
    } else {
        format!(
            r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-700 bg-slate-900 p-3 text-sm text-slate-400">
-  Inventory data is only reported by HelloAgent. This device is running
-  <span class="text-slate-200">{ident}</span>; the standard RustDesk client
-  does not collect hardware or BitLocker inventory.
+  {msg}
 </div>"##,
-            ident = html_escape(&identity_label),
+            msg = tf1(
+                lang,
+                "devices.inventory_unsupported",
+                &format!("<span class=\"text-slate-200\">{}</span>", html_escape(&identity_label))
+            ),
        )
    };

@@ -486,19 +538,21 @@ fn render_detail(d: &DashboardDeviceRow) -> String {
        r##"<div class="space-y-4">
  <div class="flex items-center justify-between">
    {back}
-    <div class="text-xs text-slate-500">Detail view</div>
+    <div class="text-xs text-slate-500">{detail_view}</div>
  </div>
  {header}
-  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mt-4">Inventory</h3>
+  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mt-4">{inventory}</h3>
  {inv}
 </div>"##,
-        back = back_button(),
+        back = back_button(lang),
+        detail_view = t(lang, "devices.detail_view"),
+        inventory = t(lang, "devices.inventory"),
        header = header,
        inv = inventory_section,
    )
 }

-fn render_inventory_table(inv: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
+fn render_inventory_table(lang: Lang, inv: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
    let row = |label: &str, key: &str| {
        format!(
            r##"<tr class="border-b border-slate-800">
@@ -513,8 +567,12 @@ fn render_inventory_table(inv: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
    // Disks need their own renderer — they're an array of objects.
    let disks_html = match inv.get("disks") {
        Some(serde_json::Value::Array(arr)) if !arr.is_empty() => {
-            let mut s = String::from(
-                r##"<table class="w-full text-xs"><thead><tr class="text-slate-500"><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">Name</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">Model</th><th class="text-right font-medium px-2 py-1">Size (GB)</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">Media</th></tr></thead><tbody>"##,
+            let mut s = format!(
+                r##"<table class="w-full text-xs"><thead><tr class="text-slate-500"><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">{c_name}</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">{c_model}</th><th class="text-right font-medium px-2 py-1">{c_size}</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">{c_media}</th></tr></thead><tbody>"##,
+                c_name = t(lang, "devices.disk_name"),
+                c_model = t(lang, "devices.disk_model"),
+                c_size = t(lang, "devices.disk_size"),
+                c_media = t(lang, "devices.disk_media"),
            );
            for disk in arr {
                let name = fmt_inv_value(disk.get("name"));
@@ -540,7 +598,10 @@ fn render_inventory_table(inv: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
        .unwrap_or("");
    let bl_html = if bl_key_raw.is_empty() {
-        r##"<span class="text-slate-500">— (not reported; non-Pro SKU, not encrypted, or no admin rights)</span>"##.to_string()
+        format!(
+            r##"<span class="text-slate-500">{}</span>"##,
+            t(lang, "devices.bitlocker_unavailable"),
+        )
    } else {
        format!(
            r##"<code class="block font-mono text-xs text-amber-300 bg-slate-950 px-2 py-1 rounded border border-slate-800 select-all break-all">{}</code>"##,
@@ -548,14 +609,17 @@ fn render_inventory_table(inv: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
        )
    };

-    let nics_html = render_nics(inv.get("network_interfaces"));
-    let wifi_html = render_wifi(inv.get("wifi_current"), inv.get("wifi_nearby"));
+    let nics_html = render_nics(lang, inv.get("network_interfaces"));
+    let wifi_html = render_wifi(lang, inv.get("wifi_current"), inv.get("wifi_nearby"));
    let public_ip_raw = inv
        .get("public_ip")
        .and_then(|v| v.as_str())
        .unwrap_or("");
    let public_ip_html = if public_ip_raw.is_empty() {
-        r##"<span class="text-slate-500">— (lookup failed or blocked)</span>"##.to_string()
+        format!(
+            r##"<span class="text-slate-500">{}</span>"##,
+            t(lang, "devices.public_ip_failed"),
+        )
    } else {
        format!(
            r##"<code class="font-mono text-xs text-sky-300 bg-slate-950 px-2 py-1 rounded border border-slate-800 select-all">{}</code>"##,
@@ -583,40 +647,44 @@ fn render_inventory_table(inv: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
    </table>
  </div>
  <div>
-    <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">Disks</h4>
+    <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">{l_disks}</h4>
    <div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 overflow-hidden p-2">
      {disks}
    </div>
  </div>
  <div>
-    <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">Network interfaces</h4>
+    <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">{l_nics}</h4>
    {nics}
  </div>
  {wifi}
  <div>
-    <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">Public IP (egress, last lookup)</h4>
+    <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">{l_pip}</h4>
    {public_ip}
  </div>
  <div>
-    <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">BitLocker recovery key (system drive)</h4>
+    <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">{l_bl}</h4>
    {bl}
  </div>
 </div>"##,
-        sn = row("Serial number", "serial_number"),
-        mfr = row("Manufacturer", "manufacturer"),
-        model = row("Model", "model"),
-        dom = row("Windows domain", "domain"),
-        os_d = row("OS distribution", "os_distro"),
-        os_r = row("OS release", "os_release"),
-        cpu_m = row("CPU model", "cpu_model"),
-        cpu_s = row("CPU speed (GHz)", "cpu_speed_ghz"),
-        cpu_pc = row("CPU physical cores", "cpu_cores_physical"),
-        cpu_lc = row("CPU logical cores", "cpu_cores_logical"),
-        ram = row("RAM (GB)", "ram_gb"),
+        sn = row(t(lang, "devices.serial_number"), "serial_number"),
+        mfr = row(t(lang, "devices.manufacturer"), "manufacturer"),
+        model = row(t(lang, "devices.model"), "model"),
+        dom = row(t(lang, "devices.windows_domain"), "domain"),
+        os_d = row(t(lang, "devices.os_distro"), "os_distro"),
+        os_r = row(t(lang, "devices.os_release"), "os_release"),
+        cpu_m = row(t(lang, "devices.cpu_model"), "cpu_model"),
+        cpu_s = row(t(lang, "devices.cpu_speed"), "cpu_speed_ghz"),
+        cpu_pc = row(t(lang, "devices.cpu_phys_cores"), "cpu_cores_physical"),
+        cpu_lc = row(t(lang, "devices.cpu_logical_cores"), "cpu_cores_logical"),
+        ram = row(t(lang, "devices.ram_gb"), "ram_gb"),
        disks = disks_html,
        nics = nics_html,
        wifi = wifi_html,
        public_ip = public_ip_html,
+        l_disks = t(lang, "devices.disks"),
+        l_nics = t(lang, "devices.network_interfaces"),
+        l_pip = t(lang, "devices.public_ip"),
+        l_bl = t(lang, "devices.bitlocker"),
        bl = bl_html,
    )
 }
@@ -624,15 +692,18 @@ fn render_inventory_table(inv: &serde_json::Value) -> String {
 /// Render the network-interfaces array as a table (one row per NIC).
 /// Wi-Fi NICs get a small badge so the operator can spot them at a glance
 /// next to the Wi-Fi-current section. Empty input → dash.
-fn render_nics(nics: Option<&serde_json::Value>) -> String {
+fn render_nics(lang: Lang, nics: Option<&serde_json::Value>) -> String {
    let arr = match nics {
        Some(serde_json::Value::Array(a)) if !a.is_empty() => a,
        _ => {
            return r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-2"><span class="text-slate-500">—</span></div>"##.to_string();
        }
    };
-    let mut s = String::from(
-        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 overflow-hidden p-2"><table class="w-full text-xs"><thead><tr class="text-slate-500"><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">Name</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">Description</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">MAC</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">Status</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">IPv4</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">IPv6</th><th class="text-right font-medium px-2 py-1">Mbps</th></tr></thead><tbody>"##,
+    let mut s = format!(
+        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 overflow-hidden p-2"><table class="w-full text-xs"><thead><tr class="text-slate-500"><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">{c_name}</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">{c_desc}</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">MAC</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">{c_status}</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">IPv4</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">IPv6</th><th class="text-right font-medium px-2 py-1">Mbps</th></tr></thead><tbody>"##,
+        c_name = t(lang, "devices.disk_name"),
+        c_desc = t(lang, "devices.nic_description"),
+        c_status = t(lang, "devices.nic_status"),
    );
    for nic in arr {
        let name = fmt_inv_value(nic.get("name"));
@@ -687,6 +758,7 @@ fn render_ip_list(v: Option<&serde_json::Value>) -> String {
 /// Returns an empty string when neither is present, so the surrounding
 /// detail page can omit the heading entirely.
 fn render_wifi(
+    lang: Lang,
    current: Option<&serde_json::Value>,
    nearby: Option<&serde_json::Value>,
 ) -> String {
@@ -726,10 +798,10 @@ fn render_wifi(
  <dl class="grid grid-cols-2 gap-x-6 gap-y-1 text-xs md:grid-cols-3">
    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">SSID</dt><dd class="text-slate-200 font-mono">{ssid}</dd></div>
    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">BSSID</dt><dd class="text-slate-300 font-mono">{bssid}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">Signal</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{sig}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">Authentication</dt><dd class="text-slate-300">{auth}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">Cipher</dt><dd class="text-slate-300">{cipher}</dd></div>
-    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">Rate</dt><dd class="text-slate-300">{rate}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">{l_signal}</dt><dd class="text-slate-200">{sig}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">{l_auth}</dt><dd class="text-slate-300">{auth}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">{l_cipher}</dt><dd class="text-slate-300">{cipher}</dd></div>
+    <div><dt class="text-slate-500">{l_rate}</dt><dd class="text-slate-300">{rate}</dd></div>
  </dl>
 </div>"##,
            ssid = fmt_inv_value(c.get("ssid")),
@@ -738,18 +810,28 @@ fn render_wifi(
            auth = fmt_inv_value(c.get("auth")),
            cipher = fmt_inv_value(c.get("cipher")),
            rate = rate_mbps,
+            l_signal = t(lang, "devices.wifi_signal"),
+            l_auth = t(lang, "devices.wifi_auth"),
+            l_cipher = t(lang, "devices.wifi_cipher"),
+            l_rate = t(lang, "devices.wifi_rate"),
        )
    } else {
-        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-3 text-xs text-slate-500">Not connected to a Wi-Fi network.</div>"##.to_string()
+        format!(
+            r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-3 text-xs text-slate-500">{}</div>"##,
+            t(lang, "devices.wifi_not_connected"),
+        )
    };

    let nearby_html = if let Some(arr) = nearby_arr {
-        let mut s = String::from(
+        let mut s = format!(
            r##"<details class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900">
-  <summary class="cursor-pointer px-3 py-2 text-xs text-slate-400 hover:text-slate-200 select-none">Nearby SSIDs ({n})</summary>
-  <div class="p-2"><table class="w-full text-xs"><thead><tr class="text-slate-500"><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">SSID</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">Authentication</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">Cipher</th><th class="text-right font-medium px-2 py-1">Signal</th></tr></thead><tbody>"##,
+  <summary class="cursor-pointer px-3 py-2 text-xs text-slate-400 hover:text-slate-200 select-none">{nearby_label}</summary>
+  <div class="p-2"><table class="w-full text-xs"><thead><tr class="text-slate-500"><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">SSID</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">{l_auth}</th><th class="text-left font-medium px-2 py-1">{l_cipher}</th><th class="text-right font-medium px-2 py-1">{l_signal}</th></tr></thead><tbody>"##,
+            nearby_label = tf1(lang, "devices.wifi_nearby", &arr.len().to_string()),
+            l_auth = t(lang, "devices.wifi_auth"),
+            l_cipher = t(lang, "devices.wifi_cipher"),
+            l_signal = t(lang, "devices.wifi_signal"),
        );
-        s = s.replace("{n}", &arr.len().to_string());
        for net in arr {
            let _ = write!(
                &mut s,
@@ -768,10 +850,11 @@ fn render_wifi(

    format!(
        r##"<div>
-  <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">Wi-Fi (current connection)</h4>
+  <h4 class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 mb-1">{wifi_current}</h4>
  {current}
  {nearby}
 </div>"##,
+        wifi_current = t(lang, "devices.wifi_current"),
        current = current_html,
        nearby = if nearby_html.is_empty() {
            String::new()
@@ -798,11 +881,12 @@ fn fmt_age(secs: i64) -> String {

 async fn notice_then_table(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    kind: &str,
    msg: &str,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    let mut html = notice_html(kind, msg);
-    html.push_str(&render_table(state).await?);
+    html.push_str(&render_table(state, lang).await?);
    Ok(Html(html))
 }

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //! the canonical place to manage who can see whose devices.

 use super::shared::{html_escape, notice_html, require_admin};
+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, tf1, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use crate::api::state::AppState;
@@ -15,9 +16,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 pub async fn index(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
-    Ok(Html(render_full(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_full(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
@@ -28,23 +30,25 @@ pub struct CreateForm {
 pub async fn create(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(form): Form<CreateForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    if form.name.trim().is_empty() {
-        return notice_then(&state, "error", "Name required").await;
+        return notice_then(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "groups.name_required")).await;
    }
    state
        .db
        .device_group_create(form.name.trim())
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    notice_then(&state, "ok", &format!("Group '{}' created.", form.name)).await
+    notice_then(&state, lang, "ok", &tf1(lang, "groups.created", &form.name)).await
 }

 pub async fn delete(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -55,8 +59,9 @@ pub async fn delete(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    notice_then(
        &state,
+        lang,
        if ok { "ok" } else { "error" },
-        if ok { "Group deleted." } else { "Already gone." },
+        if ok { t(lang, "groups.deleted") } else { t(lang, "common.already_gone") },
    )
    .await
 }
@@ -69,6 +74,7 @@ pub struct MemberForm {
 pub async fn add_member(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
    Form(form): Form<MemberForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
@@ -78,12 +84,13 @@ pub async fn add_member(
        .device_group_add_member(id, form.user_id)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(Html(render_full(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_full(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 pub async fn remove_member(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path((id, user_id)): Path<(i64, i64)>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -92,7 +99,7 @@ pub async fn remove_member(
        .device_group_remove_member(id, user_id)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(Html(render_full(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_full(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
@@ -103,13 +110,14 @@ pub struct PeerForm {
 pub async fn add_peer(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
    Form(form): Form<PeerForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    let peer_id = form.peer_id.trim();
    if peer_id.is_empty() {
-        return notice_then(&state, "error", "Device ID required").await;
+        return notice_then(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "groups.peer_id_required")).await;
    }
    let exists = state
        .db
@@ -119,8 +127,9 @@ pub async fn add_peer(
    if !exists {
        return notice_then(
            &state,
+            lang,
            "error",
-            &format!("No device '{}' has reported in yet.", peer_id),
+            &tf1(lang, "groups.no_device_yet", peer_id),
        )
        .await;
    }
@@ -129,12 +138,13 @@ pub async fn add_peer(
        .device_group_add_peer(id, peer_id)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(Html(render_full(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_full(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 pub async fn remove_peer(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path((id, peer_id)): Path<(i64, String)>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -143,7 +153,7 @@ pub async fn remove_peer(
        .device_group_remove_peer(id, &peer_id)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(Html(render_full(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_full(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 // ---------- rendering ----------
@@ -169,15 +179,16 @@ fn url_encode(s: &str) -> String {

 async fn notice_then(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    kind: &str,
    msg: &str,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    let mut html = notice_html(kind, msg);
-    html.push_str(&render_full(state).await?);
+    html.push_str(&render_full(state, lang).await?);
    Ok(Html(html))
 }

-async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>, lang: Lang) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let groups = state
        .db
        .device_groups_list_all()
@@ -190,22 +201,29 @@ async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;

    let mut s = String::new();
-    s.push_str(
+    let _ = write!(
+        s,
        r##"<div id="groups-region" class="space-y-6">
-  <header><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Device groups</h2></header>
+  <header><h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2></header>
  <section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">Create group</h3>
+    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">{create_heading}</h3>
    <form class="flex gap-2 text-sm" hx-post="/admin/pages/groups/create" hx-target="#groups-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">
-      <input name="name" placeholder="group name" required class="flex-1 bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
-      <button class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 font-medium text-white">Create</button>
+      <input name="name" placeholder="{ph}" required class="flex-1 bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
+      <button class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 font-medium text-white">{create}</button>
    </form>
  </section>
 "##,
+        heading = t(lang, "groups.heading"),
+        create_heading = t(lang, "groups.create_heading"),
+        ph = t(lang, "groups.group_name"),
+        create = t(lang, "common.create"),
    );

    if groups.is_empty() {
-        s.push_str(
-            r##"<p class="text-slate-500 text-sm">No device groups yet.</p>"##,
+        let _ = write!(
+            s,
+            r##"<p class="text-slate-500 text-sm">{}</p>"##,
+            t(lang, "groups.no_groups"),
        );
    }
    for g in &groups {
@@ -226,18 +244,23 @@ async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    <h3 class="font-semibold">{name}</h3>
    <button class="text-xs text-rose-400 hover:text-rose-300"
      hx-post="/admin/pages/groups/{id}/delete"
-      hx-confirm="Delete group {name}? Members aren't deleted; just unassigned."
-      hx-target="#groups-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">Delete group</button>
+      hx-confirm="{confirm}"
+      hx-target="#groups-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">{delete_group}</button>
  </header>
  <div>
-    <h4 class="text-xs font-semibold text-slate-400 uppercase tracking-wide mb-1">Users</h4>
+    <h4 class="text-xs font-semibold text-slate-400 uppercase tracking-wide mb-1">{users}</h4>
    <ul class="text-sm divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
            id = g.id,
-            name = html_escape(&g.name)
+            name = html_escape(&g.name),
+            confirm = html_escape(&tf1(lang, "groups.confirm_delete", &g.name)),
+            delete_group = t(lang, "groups.delete_group"),
+            users = t(lang, "groups.users"),
        );
        if members.is_empty() {
-            s.push_str(
-                r##"<li class="py-2 text-slate-500 text-xs">No user members yet.</li>"##,
+            let _ = write!(
+                s,
+                r##"<li class="py-2 text-slate-500 text-xs">{}</li>"##,
+                t(lang, "groups.no_user_members"),
            );
        }
        for u in &members {
@@ -247,11 +270,12 @@ async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
  <span class="text-slate-200">{username}</span>
  <button class="text-xs text-slate-400 hover:text-rose-300"
    hx-post="/admin/pages/groups/{gid}/members/{uid}/remove"
-    hx-target="#groups-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">Remove</button>
+    hx-target="#groups-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">{remove}</button>
 </li>"##,
                username = html_escape(&u.username),
                gid = g.id,
-                uid = u.id
+                uid = u.id,
+                remove = t(lang, "common.remove"),
            );
        }
        s.push_str("</ul>");
@@ -278,10 +302,12 @@ async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
                    username = html_escape(&u.username)
                );
            }
-            s.push_str(
+            let _ = write!(
+                s,
                r##"</select>
-  <button class="bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-xs">Add user</button>
+  <button class="bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-xs">{add_user}</button>
 </form>"##,
+                add_user = t(lang, "groups.add_user"),
            );
        }
        s.push_str("</div>");
@@ -290,21 +316,27 @@ async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
        let _ = write!(
            s,
            r##"<div>
-    <h4 class="text-xs font-semibold text-slate-400 uppercase tracking-wide mb-1">Devices</h4>
-    <ul class="text-sm divide-y divide-slate-800">"##
+    <h4 class="text-xs font-semibold text-slate-400 uppercase tracking-wide mb-1">{devices}</h4>
+    <ul class="text-sm divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
+            devices = t(lang, "groups.devices_section"),
        );
        if peer_members.is_empty() {
-            s.push_str(
-                r##"<li class="py-2 text-slate-500 text-xs">No devices added directly. (Devices owned by user members above are also visible to them.)</li>"##,
+            let _ = write!(
+                s,
+                r##"<li class="py-2 text-slate-500 text-xs">{}</li>"##,
+                t(lang, "groups.no_peer_members"),
            );
        }
        for (peer_id, owner) in &peer_members {
            let owner_label = if owner.is_empty() {
-                String::from(r##"<span class="text-slate-500">unowned</span>"##)
+                format!(
+                    r##"<span class="text-slate-500">{}</span>"##,
+                    t(lang, "groups.unowned"),
+                )
            } else {
                format!(
-                    r##"<span class="text-slate-500">owner: {}</span>"##,
-                    html_escape(owner)
+                    r##"<span class="text-slate-500">{}</span>"##,
+                    html_escape(&tf1(lang, "groups.owner_label", owner)),
                )
            };
            let _ = write!(
@@ -315,13 +347,14 @@ async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    {owner_label}
    <button class="text-slate-400 hover:text-rose-300"
      hx-post="/admin/pages/groups/{gid}/peers/{pid_url}/remove"
-      hx-target="#groups-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">Remove</button>
+      hx-target="#groups-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">{remove}</button>
  </span>
 </li>"##,
                pid = html_escape(peer_id),
                pid_url = url_encode(peer_id),
                gid = g.id,
                owner_label = owner_label,
+                remove = t(lang, "common.remove"),
            );
        }
        s.push_str("</ul>");
@@ -330,11 +363,13 @@ async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
            r##"<form class="flex gap-2 text-sm pt-2 border-t border-slate-800"
  hx-post="/admin/pages/groups/{id}/peers/add"
  hx-target="#groups-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">
-  <input name="peer_id" placeholder="Device ID (e.g. 123456789)" required
+  <input name="peer_id" placeholder="{ph}" required
    class="flex-1 bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5 font-mono"/>
-  <button class="bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-xs">Add device</button>
+  <button class="bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-xs">{add_device}</button>
 </form></div>"##,
-            id = g.id
+            id = g.id,
+            ph = t(lang, "groups.peer_id_placeholder"),
+            add_device = t(lang, "groups.add_device"),
        );

        s.push_str("</section>");
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 //! is written to `user_totp_secrets`. This means a half-finished enroll
 //! (user closes the tab) leaves no garbage state.

+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use crate::api::state::AppState;
@@ -32,8 +33,9 @@ use totp_rs::Secret;
 pub async fn index(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    user: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
-    Ok(Html(render_full_page(&state, &user, None).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_full_page(&state, lang, &user, None).await?))
 }

 // ---------- update profile info ----------
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ pub struct InfoForm {
 pub async fn update_info(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    user: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(form): Form<InfoForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    state
@@ -62,7 +65,13 @@ pub async fn update_info(
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    Ok(Html(
-        render_full_page(&state, &user, Some(("ok", "Profile updated."))).await?,
+        render_full_page(
+            &state,
+            lang,
+            &user,
+            Some(("ok", t(lang, "profile.profile_updated"))),
+        )
+        .await?,
    ))
 }

@@ -78,6 +87,7 @@ pub struct PasswordForm {
 pub async fn change_password(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    user: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(form): Form<PasswordForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    let row = state
@@ -90,11 +100,9 @@ pub async fn change_password(
        return Ok(Html(
            render_full_page(
                &state,
+                lang,
                &user,
-                Some((
-                    "error",
-                    "Your account signs in via the identity provider — change the password there.",
-                )),
+                Some(("error", t(lang, "profile.password_oidc_change"))),
            )
            .await?,
        ));
@@ -103,8 +111,9 @@ pub async fn change_password(
        return Ok(Html(
            render_full_page(
                &state,
+                lang,
                &user,
-                Some(("error", "New password must be at least 4 characters.")),
+                Some(("error", t(lang, "profile.password_min"))),
            )
            .await?,
        ));
@@ -113,8 +122,9 @@ pub async fn change_password(
        return Ok(Html(
            render_full_page(
                &state,
+                lang,
                &user,
-                Some(("error", "New password and confirmation don't match.")),
+                Some(("error", t(lang, "profile.password_mismatch"))),
            )
            .await?,
        ));
@@ -126,8 +136,9 @@ pub async fn change_password(
        return Ok(Html(
            render_full_page(
                &state,
+                lang,
                &user,
-                Some(("error", "Current password is incorrect.")),
+                Some(("error", t(lang, "profile.current_incorrect"))),
            )
            .await?,
        ));
@@ -141,7 +152,13 @@ pub async fn change_password(
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    Ok(Html(
-        render_full_page(&state, &user, Some(("ok", "Password updated."))).await?,
+        render_full_page(
+            &state,
+            lang,
+            &user,
+            Some(("ok", t(lang, "profile.password_updated"))),
+        )
+        .await?,
    ))
 }

@@ -153,6 +170,7 @@ pub async fn change_password(
 pub async fn totp_start(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    user: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    // Reject if the user already has TOTP — they should remove it first.
    let already = state
@@ -164,8 +182,9 @@ pub async fn totp_start(
        return Ok(Html(
            render_full_page(
                &state,
+                lang,
                &user,
-                Some(("error", "You already have TOTP enrolled. Disable it first if you want to re-enroll.")),
+                Some(("error", t(lang, "profile.tfa_already"))),
            )
            .await?,
        ));
@@ -185,6 +204,7 @@ pub async fn totp_start(

    Ok(Html(render_totp_enroll_panel(
        &state,
+        lang,
        &user,
        &secret_b32,
        &qr_svg,
@@ -204,6 +224,7 @@ pub struct TotpConfirmForm {
 pub async fn totp_confirm(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    user: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(form): Form<TotpConfirmForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    let code = form.code.trim();
@@ -212,8 +233,9 @@ pub async fn totp_confirm(
        return Ok(Html(
            render_full_page(
                &state,
+                lang,
                &user,
-                Some(("error", "Missing secret in confirm form.")),
+                Some(("error", t(lang, "profile.tfa_missing_secret"))),
            )
            .await?,
        ));
@@ -236,10 +258,11 @@ pub async fn totp_confirm(
        return Ok(Html(
            render_totp_enroll_panel(
                &state,
+                lang,
                &user,
                secret,
                &qr_svg,
-                Some(("error", "Code didn't match. Try again — make sure the time on the authenticator device is in sync.")),
+                Some(("error", t(lang, "profile.tfa_bad_code"))),
            )
            .await?,
        ));
@@ -252,8 +275,9 @@ pub async fn totp_confirm(
    Ok(Html(
        render_full_page(
            &state,
+            lang,
            &user,
-            Some(("ok", "TOTP enrolled. Future sign-ins will require a 6-digit code.")),
+            Some(("ok", t(lang, "profile.tfa_enrolled"))),
        )
        .await?,
    ))
@@ -269,6 +293,7 @@ pub struct TotpRemoveForm {
 pub async fn totp_remove(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    user: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(form): Form<TotpRemoveForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    let row = state
@@ -284,8 +309,9 @@ pub async fn totp_remove(
        return Ok(Html(
            render_full_page(
                &state,
+                lang,
                &user,
-                Some(("error", "Current password is incorrect — TOTP not removed.")),
+                Some(("error", t(lang, "profile.tfa_current_pw_incorrect"))),
            )
            .await?,
        ));
@@ -296,7 +322,13 @@ pub async fn totp_remove(
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    Ok(Html(
-        render_full_page(&state, &user, Some(("ok", "TOTP removed."))).await?,
+        render_full_page(
+            &state,
+            lang,
+            &user,
+            Some(("ok", t(lang, "profile.tfa_removed"))),
+        )
+        .await?,
    ))
 }

@@ -304,10 +336,11 @@ pub async fn totp_remove(

 async fn render_full_page(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    user: &AuthedUser,
    notice: Option<(&str, &str)>,
 ) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
-    render_full_page_with_totp_override(state, user, notice, None).await
+    render_full_page_with_totp_override(state, lang, user, notice, None).await
 }

 /// `totp_panel_override = Some(html)` swaps in a custom TOTP block —
@@ -316,6 +349,7 @@ async fn render_full_page(
 /// stay visible above it.
 async fn render_full_page_with_totp_override(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    user: &AuthedUser,
    notice: Option<(&str, &str)>,
    totp_panel_override: Option<String>,
@@ -339,16 +373,20 @@ async fn render_full_page_with_totp_override(
    // local TOTP both moot. Replace those sections with a short note.
    let oidc_linked = row.is_oidc_linked();
    let password_section = if oidc_linked {
-        r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-2">Password</h3>
+        format!(
+            r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
+  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-2">{heading}</h3>
  <p class="text-sm text-slate-400">
-    Your account signs in via your organisation's identity provider — there's no local password to change here.
+    {msg}
  </p>
-</section>"##
-            .to_string()
+</section>"##,
+            heading = t(lang, "profile.password_oidc"),
+            msg = t(lang, "profile.password_oidc_msg"),
+        )
    } else {
-        r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">Change password</h3>
+        format!(
+            r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
+  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">{heading}</h3>
  <form
    class="grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-3 gap-3 text-sm"
    hx-post="/admin/pages/profile/change-password"
@@ -356,69 +394,89 @@ async fn render_full_page_with_totp_override(
    hx-swap="innerHTML"
    hx-on::after-request="if (event.detail.successful) this.reset()"
  >
-    <input name="current_password" type="password" required placeholder="current password" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
-    <input name="new_password" type="password" required minlength="4" placeholder="new password" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
-    <input name="confirm_password" type="password" required minlength="4" placeholder="confirm new" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
-    <button type="submit" class="sm:col-span-3 justify-self-start bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-sm">Update password</button>
+    <input name="current_password" type="password" required placeholder="{cur}" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
+    <input name="new_password" type="password" required minlength="4" placeholder="{new}" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
+    <input name="confirm_password" type="password" required minlength="4" placeholder="{conf}" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
+    <button type="submit" class="sm:col-span-3 justify-self-start bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-sm">{btn}</button>
  </form>
-</section>"##.to_string()
+</section>"##,
+            heading = t(lang, "profile.password_heading"),
+            cur = t(lang, "profile.current_password"),
+            new = t(lang, "profile.new_password"),
+            conf = t(lang, "profile.confirm_new"),
+            btn = t(lang, "profile.update_password"),
+        )
    };

    let totp_section = if let Some(panel) = totp_panel_override {
        panel
    } else if oidc_linked {
-        r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-2">Two-factor authentication</h3>
+        format!(
+            r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
+  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-2">{heading}</h3>
  <p class="text-sm text-slate-400">
-    MFA is managed by your identity provider — local TOTP isn't used for OIDC sign-ins.
+    {msg}
  </p>
-</section>"##
-            .to_string()
+</section>"##,
+            heading = t(lang, "profile.tfa"),
+            msg = t(lang, "profile.tfa_oidc_msg"),
+        )
    } else if has_totp {
        format!(
            r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-2">Two-factor authentication</h3>
+  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-2">{heading}</h3>
  <div class="flex items-center gap-3 mb-3">
-    <span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-violet-900/50 border border-violet-700/50 text-violet-300 text-xs">enrolled</span>
-    <span class="text-xs text-slate-400">Sign-ins require a 6-digit code from your authenticator.</span>
+    <span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-violet-900/50 border border-violet-700/50 text-violet-300 text-xs">{enrolled}</span>
+    <span class="text-xs text-slate-400">{tfa_msg}</span>
  </div>
  <form
    class="flex gap-2 items-center text-sm"
    hx-post="/admin/pages/profile/totp/remove"
    hx-target="#main"
    hx-swap="innerHTML"
-    hx-confirm="Remove TOTP from your account?"
+    hx-confirm="{confirm}"
  >
-    <input name="current_password" type="password" required placeholder="current password" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5 flex-1 max-w-xs"/>
-    <button class="bg-rose-700 hover:bg-rose-600 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-xs">Disable TOTP</button>
+    <input name="current_password" type="password" required placeholder="{cur}" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5 flex-1 max-w-xs"/>
+    <button class="bg-rose-700 hover:bg-rose-600 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-xs">{btn}</button>
  </form>
-</section>"##
+</section>"##,
+            heading = t(lang, "profile.tfa"),
+            enrolled = t(lang, "users.totp_enrolled"),
+            tfa_msg = t(lang, "profile.tfa_enrolled_msg"),
+            confirm = t(lang, "profile.tfa_confirm_remove"),
+            cur = t(lang, "profile.current_password"),
+            btn = t(lang, "profile.tfa_disable"),
        )
    } else {
-        r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-2">Two-factor authentication</h3>
+        format!(
+            r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
+  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-2">{heading}</h3>
  <p class="text-sm text-slate-400 mb-3">
-    Add a TOTP authenticator (1Password, Authy, Google Authenticator, etc.) so sign-ins also require a 6-digit code.
+    {intro}
  </p>
  <button
    class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-sm"
    hx-post="/admin/pages/profile/totp/start"
    hx-target="#main"
    hx-swap="innerHTML"
-  >Enroll TOTP</button>
-</section>"##.to_string()
+  >{btn}</button>
+</section>"##,
+            heading = t(lang, "profile.tfa"),
+            intro = t(lang, "profile.tfa_intro"),
+            btn = t(lang, "profile.tfa_enroll"),
+        )
    };

    Ok(format!(
        r##"<div class="space-y-6 max-w-3xl">
  <header>
-    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Profile</h2>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-0.5">Signed in as <span class="text-slate-300">{username}</span></p>
+    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-0.5">{signed_in_as} <span class="text-slate-300">{username}</span></p>
  </header>
  {notice}

  <section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">Profile info</h3>
+    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">{info_heading}</h3>
    <form
      class="grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 gap-3 text-sm"
      hx-post="/admin/pages/profile/update-info"
@@ -426,14 +484,14 @@ async fn render_full_page_with_totp_override(
      hx-swap="innerHTML"
    >
      <label class="block">
-        <span class="text-xs text-slate-400">Display name</span>
+        <span class="text-xs text-slate-400">{display_name_l}</span>
        <input name="display_name" value="{display_name}" class="mt-1 w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
      </label>
      <label class="block">
-        <span class="text-xs text-slate-400">Email</span>
+        <span class="text-xs text-slate-400">{email_l}</span>
        <input name="email" type="email" value="{email}" class="mt-1 w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
      </label>
-      <button type="submit" class="sm:col-span-2 justify-self-start bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-sm">Save</button>
+      <button type="submit" class="sm:col-span-2 justify-self-start bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-sm">{save}</button>
    </form>
  </section>

@@ -441,6 +499,12 @@ async fn render_full_page_with_totp_override(

  {totp_section}
 </div>"##,
+        heading = t(lang, "profile.heading"),
+        signed_in_as = t(lang, "profile.signed_in_as"),
+        info_heading = t(lang, "profile.info_heading"),
+        display_name_l = t(lang, "profile.display_name"),
+        email_l = t(lang, "profile.email"),
+        save = t(lang, "common.save"),
        username = html_escape(&user.name),
        display_name = html_escape(&row.display_name),
        email = html_escape(&row.email),
@@ -452,6 +516,7 @@ async fn render_full_page_with_totp_override(

 async fn render_totp_enroll_panel(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    user: &AuthedUser,
    secret_b32: &str,
    qr_svg: &str,
@@ -459,16 +524,15 @@ async fn render_totp_enroll_panel(
 ) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let panel = format!(
        r##"<section class="rounded-md border border-sky-700/60 bg-sky-900/20 p-4">
-  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-sky-200 mb-2">Confirm TOTP enrollment</h3>
+  <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-sky-200 mb-2">{heading}</h3>
  <p class="text-xs text-sky-200/80 mb-3">
-    Scan the QR code with your authenticator app, then enter the 6-digit code it shows to confirm.
-    Nothing is enrolled until you submit a valid code.
+    {intro}
  </p>
  <div class="flex flex-col sm:flex-row gap-4 items-start">
    <div class="bg-white p-2 rounded inline-block">{qr}</div>
    <div class="flex-1 space-y-2 text-sm">
      <div>
-        <span class="text-xs text-slate-400">Secret (manual entry):</span>
+        <span class="text-xs text-slate-400">{secret_label}</span>
        <code class="block mt-1 break-all text-emerald-200 bg-slate-950 px-2 py-1.5 rounded text-xs">{secret}</code>
      </div>
      <form
@@ -489,15 +553,19 @@ async fn render_totp_enroll_panel(
          placeholder="123456"
          class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5 w-32 font-mono tracking-widest"
        />
-        <button type="submit" class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-sm">Confirm</button>
+        <button type="submit" class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-white text-sm">{confirm}</button>
      </form>
    </div>
  </div>
 </section>"##,
+        heading = t(lang, "profile.tfa_confirm_heading"),
+        intro = t(lang, "profile.tfa_confirm_intro"),
+        secret_label = t(lang, "profile.tfa_secret_manual"),
+        confirm = t(lang, "common.confirm"),
        qr = qr_svg,
        secret = html_escape(secret_b32),
    );
-    render_full_page_with_totp_override(state, user, notice, Some(panel)).await
+    render_full_page_with_totp_override(state, lang, user, notice, Some(panel)).await
 }

 fn render_qr_svg(payload: &str) -> String {
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //! full assignment matrix UI is a follow-up.

 use super::shared::{html_escape, notice_html, require_admin};
+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, tf1, tf2, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use crate::api::state::AppState;
@@ -15,9 +16,10 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 pub async fn index(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
-    Ok(Html(render_full(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_full(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
@@ -30,11 +32,12 @@ pub struct CreateForm {
 pub async fn create(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(form): Form<CreateForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    if form.name.trim().is_empty() {
-        return notice_then(&state, "error", "Name required").await;
+        return notice_then(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "groups.name_required")).await;
    }
    let cfg = if form.config_options_json.trim().is_empty() {
        "{}".to_string()
@@ -44,9 +47,17 @@ pub async fn create(
        match serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&form.config_options_json) {
            Ok(v) if v.is_object() => form.config_options_json.clone(),
            Ok(_) => {
-                return notice_then(&state, "error", "config_options must be a JSON object").await
+                return notice_then(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "strategies.json_obj_required")).await
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                return notice_then(
+                    &state,
+                    lang,
+                    "error",
+                    &tf1(lang, "strategies.invalid_json", &e.to_string()),
+                )
+                .await
            }
-            Err(e) => return notice_then(&state, "error", &format!("invalid JSON: {}", e)).await,
        }
    };
    state
@@ -56,8 +67,9 @@ pub async fn create(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    notice_then(
        &state,
+        lang,
        "ok",
-        &format!("Strategy '{}' created.", form.name),
+        &tf1(lang, "strategies.created", &form.name),
    )
    .await
 }
@@ -70,6 +82,7 @@ pub struct UpdateForm {
 pub async fn update(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
    Form(form): Form<UpdateForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
@@ -77,7 +90,7 @@ pub async fn update(
    let cfg = match serde_json::from_str::<serde_json::Value>(&form.config_options_json) {
        Ok(v) if v.is_object() => form.config_options_json.clone(),
        _ => {
-            return notice_then(&state, "error", "config_options must be a JSON object").await
+            return notice_then(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "strategies.json_obj_required")).await
        }
    };
    state
@@ -85,12 +98,13 @@ pub async fn update(
        .strategy_update_config(id, &cfg)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    notice_then(&state, "ok", "Strategy updated.").await
+    notice_then(&state, lang, "ok", t(lang, "strategies.updated")).await
 }

 pub async fn delete(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -101,8 +115,9 @@ pub async fn delete(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    notice_then(
        &state,
+        lang,
        if ok { "ok" } else { "error" },
-        if ok { "Strategy deleted." } else { "Already gone." },
+        if ok { t(lang, "strategies.deleted") } else { t(lang, "common.already_gone") },
    )
    .await
 }
@@ -111,40 +126,51 @@ pub async fn delete(

 async fn notice_then(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    kind: &str,
    msg: &str,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    let mut html = notice_html(kind, msg);
-    html.push_str(&render_full(state).await?);
+    html.push_str(&render_full(state, lang).await?);
    Ok(Html(html))
 }

-async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>, lang: Lang) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let strategies = state
        .db
        .strategies_list_all()
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    let mut s = String::new();
-    s.push_str(
+    let _ = write!(
+        s,
        r##"<div id="strategies-region" class="space-y-6">
  <header>
-    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Strategies</h2>
-    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">Pushed to clients via heartbeat. Use SQL to assign — strategy_assignments(strategy_id, user_id|device_group_id|peer_id, priority).</p>
+    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2>
+    <p class="text-xs text-slate-500 mt-1">{tagline}</p>
  </header>
  <section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">Create strategy</h3>
+    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">{create_heading}</h3>
    <form class="space-y-2 text-sm" hx-post="/admin/pages/strategies/create" hx-target="#strategies-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">
-      <input name="name" placeholder="name (unique)" required class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
-      <textarea name="config_options_json" rows="3" placeholder='{"enable-udp": "N", "whitelist": ""}'
+      <input name="name" placeholder="{ph}" required class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
+      <textarea name="config_options_json" rows="3" placeholder='{{"enable-udp": "N", "whitelist": ""}}'
        class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5 font-mono text-xs"></textarea>
-      <button class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 font-medium text-white">Create</button>
+      <button class="bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 font-medium text-white">{create}</button>
    </form>
  </section>
 "##,
+        heading = t(lang, "strategies.heading"),
+        tagline = t(lang, "strategies.tagline"),
+        create_heading = t(lang, "strategies.create_heading"),
+        ph = t(lang, "strategies.name_unique"),
+        create = t(lang, "common.create"),
    );
    if strategies.is_empty() {
-        s.push_str(r##"<p class="text-slate-500 text-sm">No strategies yet.</p>"##);
+        let _ = write!(
+            s,
+            r##"<p class="text-slate-500 text-sm">{}</p>"##,
+            t(lang, "strategies.no_strategies"),
+        );
    }
    for str_ in &strategies {
        let _ = write!(
@@ -153,26 +179,30 @@ async fn render_full(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
  <header class="flex items-center justify-between">
    <div>
      <h3 class="font-semibold">{name}</h3>
-      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500">id={id}, modified_at={mod_at}</p>
+      <p class="text-xs text-slate-500">{meta}</p>
    </div>
    <button class="text-xs text-rose-400 hover:text-rose-300"
      hx-post="/admin/pages/strategies/{id}/delete"
-      hx-confirm="Delete strategy {name}? Assignments will be cleaned up too."
-      hx-target="#strategies-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">Delete</button>
+      hx-confirm="{confirm}"
+      hx-target="#strategies-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">{delete}</button>
  </header>
  <form class="space-y-2 text-sm"
    hx-post="/admin/pages/strategies/{id}/update"
    hx-target="#strategies-region" hx-swap="outerHTML">
-    <label class="block text-xs text-slate-400">config_options (JSON object)</label>
+    <label class="block text-xs text-slate-400">{cfg_label}</label>
    <textarea name="config_options_json" rows="4"
      class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5 font-mono text-xs">{cfg}</textarea>
-    <button class="bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-xs">Save</button>
+    <button class="bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-3 py-1.5 text-xs">{save}</button>
  </form>
 </section>"##,
            id = str_.id,
            name = html_escape(&str_.name),
-            mod_at = str_.modified_at,
+            meta = tf2(lang, "strategies.id_modified", &str_.id.to_string(), &str_.modified_at.to_string()),
            cfg = html_escape(&str_.config_options_json),
+            confirm = html_escape(&tf1(lang, "strategies.confirm_delete", &str_.name)),
+            delete = t(lang, "common.delete"),
+            cfg_label = t(lang, "strategies.config_label"),
+            save = t(lang, "common.save"),
        );
    }
    s.push_str("</div>");
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Users page — list / create / set-password / toggle-admin / toggle-status
 //! / TOTP enroll-unenroll / delete.

+use crate::api::admin::i18n::{t, tf1, Lang};
 use crate::api::error::ApiError;
 use crate::api::middleware::AuthedUser;
 use crate::api::state::AppState;
@@ -20,9 +21,10 @@ const PAGE_SIZE: i64 = 50;
 pub async fn index(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
-    Ok(Html(render_full_page(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_full_page(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 // ---------- create ----------
@@ -43,19 +45,15 @@ pub struct CreateForm {
 pub async fn create(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Form(form): Form<CreateForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    if form.username.trim().is_empty() {
-        return notice_then_table(&state, "error", "Username required").await;
+        return notice_then_table(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "users.username_required")).await;
    }
    if form.password.len() < 4 {
-        return notice_then_table(
-            &state,
-            "error",
-            "Password must be at least 4 characters",
-        )
-        .await;
+        return notice_then_table(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "users.password_min")).await;
    }
    let hash = hash_password(form.password)
        .await
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ pub async fn create(
    if !form.email.trim().is_empty() {
        let _ = set_email_inline(&state, id, form.email.trim()).await;
    }
-    notice_then_table(&state, "ok", &format!("Created user '{}'.", form.username)).await
+    notice_then_table(&state, lang, "ok", &tf1(lang, "users.created", &form.username)).await
 }

 async fn set_email_inline(
@@ -101,6 +99,7 @@ pub struct UpdateInfoForm {
 pub async fn update_info(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
    Form(form): Form<UpdateInfoForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ pub async fn update_info(
        .raw_update_user_email(id, form.email.trim())
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    notice_then_table(&state, "ok", "Profile updated.").await
+    notice_then_table(&state, lang, "ok", t(lang, "users.profile_updated")).await
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
@@ -126,6 +125,7 @@ pub struct PasswordResetForm {
 pub async fn reset_password(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
    Form(form): Form<PasswordResetForm>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
@@ -141,20 +141,10 @@ pub async fn reset_password(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?
        .ok_or(ApiError::NotFound)?;
    if target.is_oidc_linked() {
-        return notice_then_table(
-            &state,
-            "error",
-            "This account is linked to OIDC — set the password at the identity provider instead.",
-        )
-        .await;
+        return notice_then_table(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "users.oidc_password_disabled")).await;
    }
    if form.password.len() < 4 {
-        return notice_then_table(
-            &state,
-            "error",
-            "Password must be at least 4 characters",
-        )
-        .await;
+        return notice_then_table(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "users.password_min")).await;
    }
    let hash = hash_password(form.password)
        .await
@@ -166,8 +156,9 @@ pub async fn reset_password(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    notice_then_table(
        &state,
+        lang,
        if ok { "ok" } else { "error" },
-        if ok { "Password updated." } else { "User not found." },
+        if ok { t(lang, "users.password_updated") } else { t(lang, "users.user_not_found") },
    )
    .await
 }
@@ -175,16 +166,12 @@ pub async fn reset_password(
 pub async fn toggle_admin(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    if id == admin.user_id {
-        return notice_then_table(
-            &state,
-            "error",
-            "You can't revoke your own admin flag here. Edit another admin's row instead.",
-        )
-        .await;
+        return notice_then_table(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "users.cant_revoke_self")).await;
    }
    let user = state
        .db
@@ -197,22 +184,18 @@ pub async fn toggle_admin(
        .user_set_admin(id, !user.is_admin)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(Html(render_table(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_table(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 pub async fn toggle_status(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    if id == admin.user_id {
-        return notice_then_table(
-            &state,
-            "error",
-            "You can't disable your own account from here.",
-        )
-        .await;
+        return notice_then_table(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "users.cant_disable_self")).await;
    }
    let user = state
        .db
@@ -226,22 +209,18 @@ pub async fn toggle_status(
        .user_set_status(id, new_status)
        .await
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
-    Ok(Html(render_table(&state).await?))
+    Ok(Html(render_table(&state, lang).await?))
 }

 pub async fn delete(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
    if id == admin.user_id {
-        return notice_then_table(
-            &state,
-            "error",
-            "You can't delete the account you're signed in with.",
-        )
-        .await;
+        return notice_then_table(&state, lang, "error", t(lang, "users.cant_delete_self")).await;
    }
    let ok = state
        .db
@@ -250,8 +229,9 @@ pub async fn delete(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    notice_then_table(
        &state,
+        lang,
        if ok { "ok" } else { "error" },
-        if ok { "User deleted." } else { "Already gone." },
+        if ok { t(lang, "users.user_deleted") } else { t(lang, "common.already_gone") },
    )
    .await
 }
@@ -261,6 +241,7 @@ pub async fn delete(
 pub async fn totp_enroll(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -286,26 +267,30 @@ pub async fn totp_enroll(
    );
    let mut html = format!(
        r##"<div class="rounded border border-emerald-700/50 bg-emerald-900/30 p-4 mb-4 text-sm">
-  <div class="font-semibold text-emerald-300 mb-1">TOTP enrolled for {user}</div>
+  <div class="font-semibold text-emerald-300 mb-1">{enrolled_for}</div>
  <div class="space-y-1">
-    <div><span class="text-slate-400">Secret (base32):</span> <code class="text-emerald-200">{secret}</code></div>
-    <div><span class="text-slate-400">otpauth URL:</span> <code class="text-emerald-200 break-all">{otpauth}</code></div>
+    <div><span class="text-slate-400">{secret_label}</span> <code class="text-emerald-200">{secret}</code></div>
+    <div><span class="text-slate-400">{url_label}</span> <code class="text-emerald-200 break-all">{otpauth}</code></div>
    <div class="text-xs text-slate-400 pt-1">
-      Show this once to the user (or scan the URL as a QR code) — it isn't displayed again.
+      {hint}
    </div>
  </div>
 </div>"##,
-        user = html_escape(&user.username),
+        enrolled_for = html_escape(&tf1(lang, "users.totp_enrolled_for", &user.username)),
+        secret_label = t(lang, "users.secret_b32"),
+        url_label = t(lang, "users.otpauth_url"),
        secret = html_escape(&secret_b32),
        otpauth = html_escape(&otpauth),
+        hint = t(lang, "users.otpauth_hint"),
    );
-    html.push_str(&render_table(&state).await?);
+    html.push_str(&render_table(&state, lang).await?);
    Ok(Html(html))
 }

 pub async fn totp_unenroll(
    Extension(state): Extension<Arc<AppState>>,
    admin: AuthedUser,
+    lang: Lang,
    Path(id): Path<i64>,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    require_admin(&admin)?;
@@ -316,8 +301,9 @@ pub async fn totp_unenroll(
        .map_err(|e| ApiError::Internal(e.to_string()))?;
    notice_then_table(
        &state,
+        lang,
        if removed { "ok" } else { "error" },
-        if removed { "TOTP removed." } else { "User had no TOTP." },
+        if removed { t(lang, "users.totp_removed") } else { t(lang, "users.no_totp") },
    )
    .await
 }
@@ -326,24 +312,25 @@ pub async fn totp_unenroll(

 async fn notice_then_table(
    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    lang: Lang,
    kind: &str,
    msg: &str,
 ) -> Result<Html<String>, ApiError> {
    let mut html = notice_html(kind, msg);
-    html.push_str(&render_table(state).await?);
+    html.push_str(&render_table(state, lang).await?);
    Ok(Html(html))
 }

-async fn render_full_page(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
-    let table = render_table(state).await?;
+async fn render_full_page(state: &Arc<AppState>, lang: Lang) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+    let table = render_table(state, lang).await?;
    Ok(format!(
        r##"<div class="space-y-6">
  <header class="flex items-center justify-between">
-    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">Users</h2>
+    <h2 class="text-lg font-semibold">{heading}</h2>
  </header>

  <section class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900 p-4">
-    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">Create user</h3>
+    <h3 class="text-sm font-semibold text-slate-300 mb-3">{create_heading}</h3>
    <form
      class="grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-6 gap-3 text-sm"
      hx-post="/admin/pages/users/create"
@@ -351,23 +338,32 @@ async fn render_full_page(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
      hx-swap="innerHTML"
      hx-on::after-request="if (event.detail.successful) this.reset()"
    >
-      <input name="username" placeholder="username" required class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
-      <input name="display_name" placeholder="display name" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
-      <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="email (optional)" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5 col-span-2"/>
-      <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="password" required class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
-      <label class="flex items-center gap-2 text-slate-400 px-2"><input type="checkbox" name="is_admin"> admin</label>
-      <button type="submit" class="sm:col-span-6 bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 font-medium text-white">Create</button>
+      <input name="username" placeholder="{username}" required class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
+      <input name="display_name" placeholder="{display_name}" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
+      <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="{email}" class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5 col-span-2"/>
+      <input name="password" type="password" placeholder="{password}" required class="bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1.5"/>
+      <label class="flex items-center gap-2 text-slate-400 px-2"><input type="checkbox" name="is_admin"> {admin}</label>
+      <button type="submit" class="sm:col-span-6 bg-sky-600 hover:bg-sky-500 rounded px-3 py-1.5 font-medium text-white">{create}</button>
    </form>
  </section>

  <section id="users-region">
    {table}
  </section>
-</div>"##
+</div>"##,
+        heading = t(lang, "users.heading"),
+        create_heading = t(lang, "users.create_heading"),
+        username = t(lang, "users.username"),
+        display_name = t(lang, "users.display_name"),
+        email = t(lang, "users.email_optional"),
+        password = t(lang, "users.password"),
+        admin = t(lang, "users.admin_label"),
+        create = t(lang, "common.create"),
+        table = table,
    ))
 }

-async fn render_table(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
+async fn render_table(state: &Arc<AppState>, lang: Lang) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    let (_total, users) = state
        .db
        .users_list_all(0, PAGE_SIZE)
@@ -391,26 +387,36 @@ async fn render_table(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    // No `overflow-hidden` on the table wrapper: the per-row action menu is
    // an absolutely-positioned `<details>` popover inside a <td>, and the
    // wrapper's clipping was hiding the bottom half of the menu.
-    s.push_str(
+    let _ = write!(
+        s,
        r##"<div class="rounded-md border border-slate-800 bg-slate-900">
 <table class="w-full text-sm">
  <thead class="text-xs uppercase text-slate-500 bg-slate-950">
    <tr>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Username</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Display name</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Email</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Status</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Admin</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">TOTP</th>
-      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">Last seen</th>
-      <th class="text-right font-medium px-3 py-2 w-1">Actions</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_username}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_display_name}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_email}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_status}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_admin}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_totp}</th>
+      <th class="text-left font-medium px-3 py-2">{c_last_seen}</th>
+      <th class="text-right font-medium px-3 py-2 w-1">{c_actions}</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody class="divide-y divide-slate-800">"##,
+        c_username = t(lang, "users.col_username"),
+        c_display_name = t(lang, "users.col_display_name"),
+        c_email = t(lang, "users.col_email"),
+        c_status = t(lang, "users.col_status"),
+        c_admin = t(lang, "users.col_admin"),
+        c_totp = t(lang, "users.col_totp"),
+        c_last_seen = t(lang, "users.col_last_seen"),
+        c_actions = t(lang, "common.actions"),
    );
    for u in &users {
        render_user_row(
            &mut s,
+            lang,
            u,
            *totp.get(&u.id).unwrap_or(&false),
            last_seen.get(&u.id).map(String::as_str),
@@ -420,50 +426,75 @@ async fn render_table(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<String, ApiError> {
    Ok(s)
 }

-fn render_user_row(s: &mut String, u: &UserRow, has_totp: bool, last_seen: Option<&str>) {
+fn render_user_row(
+    s: &mut String,
+    lang: Lang,
+    u: &UserRow,
+    has_totp: bool,
+    last_seen: Option<&str>,
+) {
    let status_badge = match u.status {
-        1 => r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-emerald-900/50 border border-emerald-700/50 text-emerald-300 text-xs">active</span>"#,
-        0 => r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 text-slate-400 text-xs">disabled</span>"#,
-        -1 => r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-amber-900/50 border border-amber-700/50 text-amber-300 text-xs">unverified</span>"#,
-        _ => "",
+        1 => format!(
+            r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-emerald-900/50 border border-emerald-700/50 text-emerald-300 text-xs">{}</span>"#,
+            t(lang, "users.status_active")
+        ),
+        0 => format!(
+            r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 text-slate-400 text-xs">{}</span>"#,
+            t(lang, "users.status_disabled")
+        ),
+        -1 => format!(
+            r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-amber-900/50 border border-amber-700/50 text-amber-300 text-xs">{}</span>"#,
+            t(lang, "users.status_unverified")
+        ),
+        _ => String::new(),
    };
    let admin_badge = if u.is_admin {
-        r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-sky-900/50 border border-sky-700/50 text-sky-300 text-xs">admin</span>"#
+        format!(
+            r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-sky-900/50 border border-sky-700/50 text-sky-300 text-xs">{}</span>"#,
+            t(lang, "users.admin_label"),
+        )
    } else {
-        ""
+        String::new()
    };
    // The TOTP column doubles as an "auth path" indicator: OIDC-linked
    // users get an "OIDC" badge (their MFA lives at the IdP — local
    // TOTP is moot), and OIDC takes precedence over local TOTP if both
    // somehow exist.
    let totp_badge = if u.is_oidc_linked() {
-        r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-cyan-900/50 border border-cyan-700/50 text-cyan-300 text-xs">OIDC</span>"#
+        r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-cyan-900/50 border border-cyan-700/50 text-cyan-300 text-xs">OIDC</span>"#.to_string()
    } else if has_totp {
-        r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-violet-900/50 border border-violet-700/50 text-violet-300 text-xs">enrolled</span>"#
+        format!(
+            r#"<span class="inline-flex px-1.5 py-0.5 rounded bg-violet-900/50 border border-violet-700/50 text-violet-300 text-xs">{}</span>"#,
+            t(lang, "users.totp_enrolled")
+        )
    } else {
-        ""
+        String::new()
    };
    let oidc_linked = u.is_oidc_linked();
    // OIDC-linked users sign in via the IdP — adding a local password
    // would let them bypass the IdP (and any MFA enforced there). Show
    // a note instead of the password-reset form for these accounts.
    let password_form = if oidc_linked {
-        r##"<div class="px-2 py-1.5 text-xs text-slate-500 italic border border-slate-800 rounded">
-          Linked to OIDC — password sign-in is disabled.
-        </div>"##
-            .to_string()
+        format!(
+            r##"<div class="px-2 py-1.5 text-xs text-slate-500 italic border border-slate-800 rounded">
+          {msg}
+        </div>"##,
+            msg = t(lang, "users.oidc_disabled"),
+        )
    } else {
        format!(
            r##"<form class="flex gap-1" hx-post="/admin/pages/users/{id}/password-reset" hx-target="#users-region" hx-swap="innerHTML">
-          <input name="password" type="password" required minlength="4" placeholder="new password" class="flex-1 bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs"/>
-          <button class="bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs">Set</button>
+          <input name="password" type="password" required minlength="4" placeholder="{ph}" class="flex-1 bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs"/>
+          <button class="bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs">{set}</button>
        </form>"##,
            id = u.id,
+            ph = t(lang, "users.new_password"),
+            set = t(lang, "users.password_set"),
        )
    };
    let (last_seen_rel, last_seen_abs) = match last_seen {
        Some(ts) => (relative_ts(ts), html_escape(ts)),
-        None => ("never".to_string(), String::new()),
+        None => (t(lang, "common.never").to_string(), String::new()),
    };
    // TOTP enrollment is self-service (the user does it on their
    // profile page so they can scan the QR + verify a code before
@@ -473,11 +504,12 @@ fn render_user_row(s: &mut String, u: &UserRow, has_totp: bool, last_seen: Optio
        format!(
            r##"<button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs hover:bg-slate-800 rounded"
          hx-post="/admin/pages/users/{id}/totp-unenroll" hx-target="#users-region" hx-swap="innerHTML"
-          hx-confirm="Disable TOTP for {username}? They'll be able to sign in without a 6-digit code until they re-enroll.">
-          Disable TOTP
+          hx-confirm="{confirm}">
+          {label}
        </button>"##,
            id = u.id,
-            username = html_escape(&u.username),
+            confirm = html_escape_attr(&tf1(lang, "users.confirm_disable_totp", &u.username)),
+            label = t(lang, "users.disable_totp"),
        )
    } else {
        String::new()
@@ -497,9 +529,9 @@ fn render_user_row(s: &mut String, u: &UserRow, has_totp: bool, last_seen: Optio
      <summary class="cursor-pointer list-none text-xs text-slate-400 hover:text-slate-200 select-none">···</summary>
      <div class="absolute right-2 mt-1 z-10 w-64 bg-slate-900 border border-slate-700 rounded shadow-lg p-2 space-y-1 text-left">
        <form class="space-y-1" hx-post="/admin/pages/users/{id}/update-info" hx-target="#users-region" hx-swap="innerHTML">
-          <input name="display_name" value="{display_name}" placeholder="display name" class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs"/>
-          <input name="email" type="email" value="{email}" placeholder="email" class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs"/>
-          <button class="w-full bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs">Save profile</button>
+          <input name="display_name" value="{display_name}" placeholder="{ph_dn}" class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs"/>
+          <input name="email" type="email" value="{email}" placeholder="{ph_email}" class="w-full bg-slate-800 border border-slate-700 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs"/>
+          <button class="w-full bg-sky-700 hover:bg-sky-600 rounded px-2 py-1 text-xs">{save_profile}</button>
        </form>
        {password_form}
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs hover:bg-slate-800 rounded"
@@ -513,9 +545,9 @@ fn render_user_row(s: &mut String, u: &UserRow, has_totp: bool, last_seen: Optio
        {totp_button}
        <button class="w-full text-left px-2 py-1 text-xs text-rose-300 hover:bg-rose-900/30 rounded"
          hx-post="/admin/pages/users/{id}/delete"
-          hx-confirm="Delete user {username}? This cascades into their tokens, group memberships and AB shares."
+          hx-confirm="{confirm_delete}"
          hx-target="#users-region" hx-swap="innerHTML">
-          Delete user
+          {delete_user}
        </button>
      </div>
    </details>
@@ -528,15 +560,32 @@ fn render_user_row(s: &mut String, u: &UserRow, has_totp: bool, last_seen: Optio
        status = status_badge,
        admin = admin_badge,
        totp = totp_badge,
-        admin_label = if u.is_admin { "Revoke admin" } else { "Grant admin" },
-        status_label = if u.status == 1 { "Disable user" } else { "Enable user" },
+        ph_dn = t(lang, "users.display_name"),
+        ph_email = t(lang, "users.col_email"),
+        save_profile = t(lang, "users.save_profile"),
+        admin_label = if u.is_admin {
+            t(lang, "users.revoke_admin")
+        } else {
+            t(lang, "users.grant_admin")
+        },
+        status_label = if u.status == 1 {
+            t(lang, "users.disable_user")
+        } else {
+            t(lang, "users.enable_user")
+        },
        totp_button = totp_button,
        last_seen_rel = last_seen_rel,
        last_seen_abs = last_seen_abs,
        password_form = password_form,
+        confirm_delete = html_escape_attr(&tf1(lang, "users.confirm_delete", &u.username)),
+        delete_user = t(lang, "users.delete_user"),
    );
 }

+fn html_escape_attr(s: &str) -> String {
+    html_escape(s)
+}
+
 /// Format a SQLite `current_timestamp` string ("YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS",
 /// always UTC) as a relative time-ago label. Renders short forms — "5m
 /// ago", "3h ago", "2d ago" — for the at-a-glance column; the absolute